The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy Handbooks of Global Policy Series SeriesEditor DavidHeld MasterofUniversityCollegeandProfessorofPoliticsandInternational RelationsatDurhamUniversity The Handbooks of Global Policy series presents a comprehensive collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about global policy and governance. Each handbook draws together newly commissioned essays by leading scholars and is presented in a style which is sophisticated but accessible to undergraduate and advanced students, as well as to scholars, practitioners, and others interested in global policy. Available in print and online, these volumes expertly assess the issues,concepts,theories,methodologies,andemergingpolicyproposalsinthefield. Published TheHandbookofGlobalClimateandEnvironmentPolicy RobertFalkner TheHandbookofGlobalEnergyPolicy AndreasGoldthau TheHandbookofGlobalCompanies JohnMikler The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy Edited by Robert Falkner A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Thiseditionfirstpublished2013 (cid:2)C 2013JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific, TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffices 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservices,andforinformationabouthowtoapply forpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. 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Coverimage:OilriginBeaufortSea(cid:2)C Ocean/Corbis CoverdesignbyDesignDeluxe Setin10/12.5ptSabonbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2013 Contents NotesonContributors viii Preface xiii PartI GlobalPolicyChallenges 1 1 GlobalClimateChange 3 MatthewJ.Hoffmann 2 GlobalWaterGovernance 19 JoyeetaGupta 3 BiodiversityandConservation 37 StuartHarrop 4 MarineEnvironmentProtection 53 MarkusSalomon 5 Deforestation 72 DavidHumphreys 6 BiotechnologyandBiosafety 89 AartiGupta 7 GlobalChemicalsPoliticsandPolicy 107 HenrikSelin PartII ConceptsandApproaches 125 8 GlobalEnvironmentalNorms 127 StevenBernstein vi CONTENTS 9 GlobalGovernance 146 JohannesStrippleandHannesStephan 10 GlobalEnvironmentalSecurity 163 SimonDalby 11 InternationalEnvironmentalLaw 179 DanielBodansky 12 GreenGrowth 197 MichaelJacobs 13 SustainableConsumption 215 DorisFuchs 14 ClimateChangeJustice 231 EdwardPage PartIII GlobalActors,Institutions,andProcesses 249 15 TheNation-State,InternationalSociety,andtheGlobal Environment 251 RobertFalkner 16 TransnationalEnvironmentalActivism 268 SusanPark 17 BusinessasaGlobalActor 286 JenniferClappandJonasMeckling 18 InternationalRegimeEffectiveness 304 SteinarAndresen 19 StrengtheningtheUnitedNations 320 SteffenBauer 20 InternationalNegotiations 339 RadoslavS.Dimitrov 21 RegionalismandEnvironmentalGovernance 358 MirandaSchreurs PartIV GlobalEconomyandPolicy 375 22 Globalization 377 PeterNewell 23 PrivateRegulationinGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance 394 GraemeAuldandLarsH.Gulbrandsen 24 InternationalTrade,theEnvironment,andClimateChange 412 NicoJaspersandRobertFalkner CONTENTS vii 25 GlobalFinanceandtheEnvironment 428 ChristopherWright 26 EnergyPolicyandClimateChange 446 BenjaminK.Sovacool 27 EconomicInstrumentsforClimateChange 468 JonasMecklingandCameronHepburn 28 InternationalAidandAdaptationtoClimateChange 486 JessicaM.AyersandAchalaChandaniAbeysinghe Index 507 Notes on Contributors Steinar Andresen is Research Professor at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway. He has also been Professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo, Norway, and a visiting scholar at Princeton University, University of Washington Seattle, and IISA. He has published extensively on various topics, mostly related to global environmentalgovernance. Graeme Auld is an Assistant Professor at Carleton University, Ontario, Canada, in theSchoolofPublicPolicyandAdministration.Hisresearchexaminestheemergence, evolution, and impacts of non-state and hybrid forms of global governance. He is co-author(withBenCashoreandDeannaNewsom)ofGoverningthroughMarkets: ForestCertificationandtheEmergenceofNonstateAuthority(YaleUniversityPress, 2004). Jessica M. Ayers holds a PhD in climate governance from the London School of EconomicsandPoliticalScience.Atthetimeofwriting,shewasaresearcherforthe ClimateChangeGroupattheInternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelop- ment(IIED),London,UK.SheisnowaSeniorPolicyAdvisortotheUKDepartment ofEnergyandClimateChange(DECC). SteffenBauerisaSeniorResearcherintheDepartmentforEnvironmentalPolicyand ManagementofNaturalResourcesattheGermanDevelopmentInstitute/Deutsches Institut fu¨r Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) in Bonn, Germany. He also serves as Ger- many’s Science and Technology Correspondent to the United Nations Convention toCombatDesertification(UNCCD). Steven Bernstein is Associate Chair and Graduate Director of the Department of PoliticalScienceandCo-DirectoroftheEnvironmentalGovernanceLabattheMunk SchoolofGlobalAffairs,UniversityofToronto,Canada. DanielBodanskyisLincolnProfessorofLaw,Ethics,andSustainabilityattheSandra DayO’ConnorCollegeofLaw,ArizonaStateUniversity.HeistheauthoroftheArt NOTESONCONTRIBUTORS ix andCraftofInternationalEnvironmentalLaw(HarvardUniversityPress,2009)and co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford UniversityPress,2007). AchalaChandaniAbeysingheisaseniorresearcherandenvironmentallawyeratthe InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment(IIED),London.Sheisthe legaladvisortothecurrentChairoftheLeastDevelopedCountries(LDC)groupin the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) nego- tiations, team leader of the global climate governance program, and head of the European Capacity Building Initiative (ECBI) workshops program at IIED. She is a leadauthorofthechapteron“ClimateResilientPathways:Adaptation,Mitigation and Sustainable Development” in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovern- mentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC). JenniferClappisaProfessorintheEnvironmentandResourceStudiesDepartment and Associate Dean of Research in the Faculty of Environment at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Her recent books include: Hunger in the Balance: The New Politics of International Food Aid (Cornell University Press, 2012), Food (Polity, 2012), Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global Environment, 2nd edn (with Peter Dauvergne, MIT Press, 2011), and Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance (co-edited with Doris Fuchs, MIT Press, 2009). SimonDalby,formerlyatCarletonUniversity,Ontario,Canada,isnowCIGIChair in the Political Economy of Climate Change at the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and is author of Environmental Security (UniversityofMinnesotaPress,2002),SecurityandEnvironmentalChange(Polity, 2009)andco-editorofthejournalGeopolitics. Radoslav S. Dimitrov is an Associate Professor at Western University in Canada. He is consultant to the World Business Council on Sustainable Development and hasservedontheEuropeanUniondelegationatUNclimatenegotiations.Heisthe authorofScienceandInternationalEnvironmentalPolicy(RowmanandLittlefield, 2006). Robert Falkner is Reader in International Relations at the London School of Eco- nomics and Political Science (LSE). He is an Associate of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at LSE and an Associate Fellow of the Energy, Environment and Resources department at Chatham House. He is the author of Business Power and Conflict in International Environmental Politics (PalgraveMacmillan,2008). Doris Fuchs is Professor of International Relations at the University of Mu¨nster, Germany. Her research focuses on corporate structural and discursive power, sus- tainable development/consumption, and food politics and policy. She is the author ofBusinessPowerinGlobalGovernance(LynneRienner,2007)andhaspublished numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals such as Millennium, Global Environ- mental Politics, International Interactions, Agriculture and Human Values, Food Policy,andEnergyPolicy. x NOTESONCONTRIBUTORS Lars H. Gulbrandsen is Senior Research Fellow and Director of the Global Gover- nance and Sustainable Development research program at the Fridtjof Nansen Insti- tute, Norway. He is the author of Transnational Environmental Governance: The Emergence and Effects of the Certification of Forests and Fisheries (Edward Elgar, 2010). Aarti Gupta is Senior Lecturer (tenured) with the Environmental Policy Group at WageningenUniversity’sDepartmentofSocialSciences,theNetherlands.Sheisalso a Senior Fellow of the Earth System Governance Project and Associate Editor of the journal Global Environmental Politics. Her research and publications focus on global risk and environmental governance and the role of science, knowledge, and transparencytherein. JoyeetaGuptaisProfessorofEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheGlobalSouthof theAmsterdamInstituteforSocialScienceResearchattheUniversityofAmsterdam andatUNESCO-IHEInstituteforWaterEducationinDelft,theNetherlands. StuartHarropisProfessorofWildlifeManagementLawandDirectoroftheDurrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology in the School of Anthropology and Con- servation at the University of Kent, UK. His research concentrates on the field of internationallawandpolicyrelatingtobiodiversityconservation. Cameron Hepburn is a Senior Research Fellow at the Grantham Research Institute at the LSE and a Fellow of New College, Oxford. He has degrees in law and engi- neering, a doctorate in economics, and is the author of peer-reviewed publications ineconomics,biology,philosophy,engineering,andpublicpolicy.Heisinvolvedin policy formation, including as amember oftheDepartment of Energy and Climate Change (UK) Secretary of State’s Economics Advisory Group. He has also had an entrepreneurialcareer,co-foundingtwosuccessfulbusinessesandinvestinginseveral otherstart-ups. Matthew J. Hoffmann is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the UniversityofToronto,Canada,andCo-DirectoroftheEnvironmentalGovernance LabattheMunkSchoolofGlobalAffairsthere.HeistheauthorofClimateGover- nanceattheCrossroads:ExperimentingwithaGlobalResponseafterKyoto(Oxford UniversityPress,2012). DavidHumphreysisSeniorLecturerinEnvironmentalPolicyatTheOpenUniversity (UK),wherehespecializesintheglobalpoliticsofdeforestationandclimatechange. His book Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance (Earthscan, 2006) won the International Studies Association’s Harold and Margaret Sprout Awardfor2008. MichaelJacobsisVisitingProfessorattheGranthamResearchInstituteonClimate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and in the School of Public Policy at University College London. A for- mer Special Advisor to the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister (2004–2010), his books include The Green Economy: Environment, Sustainable DevelopmentandthePoliticsoftheFuture(PlutoPress,1991).