HANDBOOK OF COMPUTER NETWORKS HANDBOOK OF COMPUTER NETWORKS LANs, MANs, WANs, The Internet, and Global, Cellular, and Wireless Networks Volume 2 Hossein Bidgoli Editor-in-Chief California State University Bakersfi eld, California John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Copyright © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi - cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular pur- pose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the pub- lisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Handbook of computer networks / edited by Hossein Bidgoli. 3 v. cm. ISBN 978-0-471-78458-6 (cloth vol 1 : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-471-78459-3 (cloth vol 2 : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-471-78460-9 (cloth vol 3 : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-471-78461-6 (cloth set : alk. paper) 1. Computer networks Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Bidgoli, Hossein. TK5105.5.H32 2008 004.6–dc22 2007012619 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To so many fi ne memories of my mother Ashraf, my father Mohammad, and my brother Mohsen, for their uncompromising belief in the power of education. AAbboouutt tthhee EEddiittoorr--iinn--CChhiieeff Hossein Bidgoli, Ph.D., is professor of Management Encyclopedia, The Handbook of Information S ecurity, and Information Systems at California State University. The Encyclopedia of Information Systems. Dr. Bidgoli helped set up the fi rst PC lab in the United The Encyclopedia of Information Systems was the States. He is the author of 43 textbooks, 27 manuals, and recipient of one of the Library Journal’s Best Reference over fi ve dozen technical articles and papers on various Sources for 2002 and The Internet Encyclopedia was recip- aspects of computer applications, information systems ient of one of the PSP Awards (Professional and Scholarly and network security, e-commerce, and decision s upport Publishing), 2004. Dr. Bidgoli was selected as the Califor- systems published and presented throughout the world. nia State University, Bakersfi eld’s 2001–2002 Professor of Dr. Bidgoli also serves as the editor-in-chief of The I nternet the Year. EEddiittoorriiaall BBooaarrdd Qi Bi E. Eugene Schultz Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent Technologies High Tower Software and University of California- Berkeley Lab Feng Cao Cisco Systems, Inc. Hideyuki Sotobayashi National Institute of Information and Communications James E. Goldman Technology (NICT), Japan Purdue University Ivan Stojmenovic Ari Juels University of Ottawa, Canada RSA Laboratories Tatsuya Suda Raymond R. Panko University of California, Irvine University of Hawaii, Manoa Pierangela Samarati Universita` di Milano, Italy CCoonntteennttss Contributors xvii Video Compression 227 Preface xxiii Immanuel Freedman Guide to The Handbook of Computer Networks xxvi Speech and Audio Compression 268 Reviewers List 1237 Peter Kroon Index 1247 Multimedia Streaming 282 Nabil J. Sarhan Volume I: Key Concepts, Data High-Defi nition Television 293 Transmission, and Digital and Jim Krause Optical Networks Part 1: Key Concepts Part 2: Hardware, Media, and Data The Telecommunications Industry 3 Transmission David G. Loomis Modems 309 Data Communications Basics 19 Darren B. Nicholson and Jennifer A. Nicholson Hossein Bidgoli Conducted Communications Media 320 Data-Link Layer Protocols 30 Thomas L. Pigg Stefan Joe-Yen and Chadwick Sessions Wireless Channels 334 Network Layer Protocols 40 Okechukwu C. Ugweje Muhannad Harrim, Mohamed El-Wakil, and Ala Al-Fuqaha Sources of Errors, Prevention, Detection, Transport Layer Protocols 63 and Correction 352 Vassilis Tsaoussidis Syed H. Murshid and Azhar M. Khayrattee Session, Presentation, and Application Layer Routers 364 Protocols 76 Min Song Chadwick Sessions Switches 375 Digital Transmission 84 Min Song Marvi Teixeira and Viktor Zaharov Bridges 390 Analog Transmission 102 Zartash Afzal Uzmi and Tariq Mahmood Jadoon Hamidreza Saligheh, Joonhyuk Kang, Jaehak Chung, and Vahid Tarokh Pulse Amplitude Modulation 403 Voice Communications Systems: KTS, PBX, Muneo Fukaishi Centrex, and ACD 115 Frequency and Phase Modulation 414 Hassan Ibrahim Albert Lozano-Nieto Messaging Systems: Facsimile and Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation 426 Voice Processing 127 Tim Collins Albert K.S. Wong, Nan Zhang, and Xu Yan Minimum Shift Keying 438 Public Switched Telephone Network 158 Tao Jiang Jingxuan Liu and Nirwan Ansari Optical Differential Phase Shift Keying 455 Information Theory 178 Xiang Liu David Blockus and Mark Stamp DMT Modulation 473 Data Compression 199 Stephan Pfl etschinger Chang-Su Kim and C.C. Jay Kuo Pulse Position Modulation 492 Image Compression 212 Jon Hamkins Alfred Mertins xi xii CONTENTS Digital Phase Modulation and Demodulation 509 Fiber-Optic Filters and Multiplexers 850 Zartash Afzal Uzmi Hamid Hemmati Line Coding 522 Optical Solitons 861 Asim Loan Natalia M. Litchinitser Spread Spectrum 538 Synchronous Optical Code Division Murad Hizlan Multiplexing Systems 885 Hideyuki Sotobayashi Frequency Division Multiplexing 553 Free-Space Optics 900 Zhu Liu John Liu and Mark Schaefer Time Division Multiplexing 568 Optical Switching Techniques in WDM William A. Shay Optical Networks 909 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 579 Amor Lazzez, Noureddine Boudriga, and Kavitha Chandra Mohammad S. Obaidat Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 591 SONET and SDH Networks 929 Shinsuke Hara M. Farooque Mesiya Wavelength Division Multiplexing 606 Passive Optical Networks for Yassine Khlifi , Noureddine Boudriga, and Broadband Access 948 Mohammad S. Obaidat Nirwan Ansari and Yuanqiu Luo Part 3: Digital and Optical Networks Volume II: LANs, MANs, WANs, The Internet, and Global, Cellular, and Digital Communication Basics 629 Wireless Networks Robert W. Heath and Atul A. Salvekar Digital Radio Broadcasting 642 Part 1: LANs, MANs, and WANs Zhuojun Joyce Chen Local Area Networks 3 Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Wayne C. Summers Communications 675 Filippo Giannetti and Marco Luise Ethernet LANs 19 William Stallings Optical Fiber Communications 692 Habib Hamam and Sghaier Guizani Token Ring LANs 27 Norman C. Strole, Werner Bux, and Optical Transmitters, Receivers, and Noise 708 Robert D. Love Ken Pedrotti Optical Fiber LANs 40 Optical Signal Regeneration 729 Mo Adda, Amanda Peart, and Jau Ming Chew Mingshan Zhao Windows 2000 Operating System 57 Optical Sources 745 Dario Forte Tin Win and Serge Demidenko Linux Operating System 78 Lambda and Sub-Lambda Switching 767 Mark Shacklette Mario Baldi and Yoram Ofek Optical Cross Connects 783 Metropolitan Area Networks 91 Wen-De Zhong Richard J. Nieporent Optical Memories 795 Terrestrial Wide Area Networks 116 Paul W. Nutter Gurdeep Singh Hura Characterization of Optical Fibers 815 Packet Switching 136 Liang Chen, John Cameron, and Xiaoyi Bao Qinqing Zhang and Qi Bi Optical Couplers and Splitters 828 Circuit Switching 146 Kais Dridi, Mustapha Razzak, and Habib Hamam Farid Farahmand and Qiong (Jo) Zhang CONTENTS xiii Message Switching 159 Voice Over Internet Protocol 468 Farid Farahmand Sherali Zeadally and Farhan Siddiqui Frame Relay 172 Signaling Approaches 488 Eddie Rabinovitch Edmundo Monteiro, Fernando Boavida, Marilia Curado, and Luís Cordeiro Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 183 Arjan Durresi and Raj Jain Voice over MPLS and VoIP over MPLS 509 Junaid Ahmed Zubairi Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network 200 Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) 519 B. Muthukumaran Leslie L. Daigle DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 210 Web Hosting 532 Milos Milosevic Thomas C. Bressoud Cable Modems 221 End-System QoS 545 Shaheed N. Mohammed Tarek F. Abdelzhaer and Chengdu Huang Home Networking 230 Web Services 559 Sherali Zeadally Mei-Ling L. Liu Multimedia Networking 246 Hans-Peter Dommel Part 3: Cellular and Wireless Networks Part 2: The Internet, Global Networks, Cellular Communications Channels 579 and VoIP Aarne Mämmelä and Risto Wichman The Internet Fundamentals 267 Cellular Telephony 591 Hossein Bidgoli Elyes Ben Ali Bdira History of the Internet 280 Mobile Radio Communications 616 John Lucas Sherry and Nicholas David Bowman Chi Zhou Internet2® 294 Evolution of Mobile Cellular Networks 630 Linda Bruenjes and Carolyn Siccama Jiang Xie and Xiaoyuan Gu Internet Domain Name System 305 Global System for Mobile Communications 642 Krishna Jayakar Mohamed A. Haleem and Koduvayur P. Subbalakshmi Information Retrieval on the Internet 320 General Packet Radio Service 658 Raymond F. Wisman Allen H. Levesque Internet Architecture 345 Location Management in Personal 675 Geoffrey G. Xie Communication Systems TCP/IP Suite 358 Jingyuan Zhang and Ivan Stojmenovic Prabhaker Mateti Mobility Management in Heterogeneous SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 388 Networks 685 Vladimir V. Riabov Guangbin Fan, Xuming Lu, and Song Ci IP Multicast 407 Universal Mobile Telecommunications Emilia Rosti System 699 Network QoS 417 Faouzi Zarai, Noureddine Boudriga, and Ying Lu Mohammad S. Obaidat Internet Security Standards 428 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 Raymond R. Panko and 3G Wireless Systems 716 Mustafa M. Matalgah and Omar M. Hammouri Technology and Standards for Low-Bit-Rate Vocoding Methods 447 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 751 Miguel Arjona Ramírez and Mário Minami Frank H.P. Fitzek and Marcos Katz xiv CONTENTS Time-Division Multiple Access 769 Data Monitoring and Gathering in Sensor Tom S. Chan Networks 1113 Symeon Papavassiliou, Stella Kafetzoglou, and Jin Zhu Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols 779 Wei Ye In-Network Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks 1131 Bluetooth Technology 790 Kemal Akkaya and Ismail Ari Brent A. Miller Cognitive and Software Defi ned Radios for Satellite Communications Basics 802 Dynamic Spectrum Access 1147 Michele Luglio and Antonio Saitto Troy Weingart and Douglas C. Sicker Land-Mobile Satellite Channel 815 Localization in Wireless Networks 1158 Emilio Matricciani Slim Rekhis, Noureddine Boudriga, and Geosynchronous Fixed Satellite Mohammad S. Obaidat Communications 836 Interference Management in Wireless Michele Luglio and Antonio Saitto Networks 1178 Satellites in IP Networks 860 Keivan Navaie and Shahrokh Valaee Fatih Alagöz and Abbas Jamalipour Wireless Wide Area Networks 1191 Global Navigation Satellite Systems 877 Anthony H. Smith and Raymond A. Hansen Omar Al-Bayari and Balqies Sadoun Wireless Broadband Access 1200 Wireless LANs 896 Hsiao-Hwa Chen and Mohsen Guizani Mohammad S. Obaidat, G. I. Papadimitriou, Indoor Wireless Infrared Communications 1223 and S. Obeidat Z. Ghassemlooy Wireless LAN Standards 917 Prashant Krishnamurthy Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation 935 Yuheng Huang and James A. Ritcey Volume III: Distributed Networks, The Wireless Application Protocol 955 Network Planning, Control, Lillian N. Cassel and Arun Srinivasa Murthy Management, and New Trends and Applications Wireless ATM 972 Amel Meddeb and Noureddine Boudriga Part 1: Distributed Networks Wireless IP Telephony 991 Client/Server Computing Basics 3 Manish Marwah and Shivakant Mishra Daniel McFarland and Darren B. Nicholson Wireless Internet 1000 Groupware 16 Abbas Jamalipour Robert Slagter Internetworking of Heterogeneous Network Middleware 33 Wireless Networks 1018 Linda Volonino and Pragati Dalal Sherali Zeadally and Farhan Siddiqui Grid Computing Fundamentals 45 Principles and Applications of Ad Hoc and Mark Baker Sensor Networks 1040 Marco Conti Grid Computing Implementation 63 Barry Wilkinson and Clayton Ferner Medium Access in Ad Hoc and Sensor 1057 Networks Cluster Computing Fundamentals 79 Vojislav B. Mišic´ and Jelena Mišic´ Hong Ong and Mark Baker Emerging Trends in Routing Protocols in Mobile Next-Generation Cluster Networks 93 Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 1084 Keren Bergman, Benjamin A. Small, and Larry A. Bergman Jamal N. Al-Karaki Utility Computing on Global Grids 110 Broadcasting in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 1101 Chee Shin Yeo, Rajkumar Buyya, Marcos Dias de François Ingelrest, David Simplot-Ryl, Hong Guo, and Assunção, Jia Yu, Anthony Sulistio, Srikumar Venugopal, Ivan Stojmenovic´ and Martin Placek