THE HANDBOOK OF ADULT LANGUAGE DISORDERS The Handbook of Adult Language Disorders is the essential guide to the scientific and clinical tenets of aphasia study and treatment. It focuses on how language breaks down after focal brain damage, what patterns of impairment reveal about normal language, and how recovery can be optimally facilitated. It is unique in that it reviews studies from the major disciplines in which aphasia research is conducted—cognitive neuropsychology, linguistics, neurology, neuroimaging, and speech-language pathology—as they apply to each topic of language. For each language domain, there are chapters devoted to theory and models of the language task, the neural basis of the language task (focusing on recent neuroimaging studies) and clinical diagnosis and treatment of impairments in that domain. In addition, there is broad coverage of approaches to investigation and treatment from leading experts, with several authors specializing in two or more disciplines. This second edition focuses on characterizing the cognitive and neural processes that account for each variant of aphasia as a first step toward developing effective rehabilitation, given that aphasia is one of the most common and disabling consequences of stroke. The best and most authoritative handbook in the field, The Handbook of Adult Language Disorders is the definitive reference for clinicians and researchers working in the scientific investigation of aphasia. Argye E. Hillis is a Professor of Neurology, with joint faculty appointments in Physical Medi- cine and Rehabilitation and in Cognitive Science at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Hillis serves as the Executive Vice Chair of the Department of Neurology, and Director of the Cerebrovascular Division of Neurology. Prior to medical training and neurology residency, she trained in the fields of speech-language pathology and cognitive neuropsychology, spent a decade in rehabilitation of aphasia, and conducted clinical research focusing on understanding and treating aphasia. Her cur- rent research combines longitudinal task-related and task-free functional imaging and structural imaging from the acute stage of stroke through the first year of recovery, with detailed cogni- tive and language assessments to improve our understanding how language and other cognitive functions recover after stroke. Her other avenue of research involves developing novel treatment strategies for aphasia. This page intentionally left blank THE HANDBOOK OF ADULT LANGUAGE DISORDERS Second Edition Edited by Argye E. Hillis Second Edition published 2015 by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Taylor & Francis The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Psychology Press 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of adult language disorders / [edited by] Argye E. Hillis. — Second edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Hillis, Argye Elizabeth, editor. [DNLM: 1. Adult. 2. Language Disorders—therapy. 3. Aphasia— therapy. 4. Cognition—physiology. 5. Language Disorders— physiopathology. 6. Models, Theoretical. WL 340.2] RC423 616.85'5—dc23 2014045753 ISBN: 978-1-84872-685-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-84872-686-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-71355-7 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to my mentees, including many who have contributed to chapters in this book, and others who have contributed to research that is cited herein. All of my mentees have taught me a great deal, have challenged me to think more innovatively, and have made the work fun, interesting, and much more important. CONTENTS About the Editor ix Contributors xi Preface xv PART 1 Reading 1 1. Acquired Impairments in Reading 3 Jeremy J. Purcell, Teresa M. Schubert, and Argye E. Hillis 2. Neuroanatomical Aspects of Reading 24 Kyrana Tsapkini and Argye E. Hillis 3. Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Reading Disorders 38 Rhonda B. Friedman and Susan Nitzberg Lott PART 2 Spelling 57 4. Uncovering the Cognitive Architecture of Spelling 59 Brenda Rapp and Simon Fischer-Baum 5. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Spelling and Writing 87 Steven Z. Rapcsak and Pélagie M. Beeson 6. Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Spelling Disorders 117 Pélagie M. Beeson and Steven Z. Rapcsak vi Contents PART 3 Naming 139 7. The Cognitive Processes Underlying Naming 141 Donna C. Tippett and Argye E. Hillis 8. The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Naming 151 David C. Race and Argye E. Hillis 9. Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Naming Disorders 161 Anastasia M. Raymer PART 4 Semantics 185 10. Semantic Memory 187 Elaine Funnell and Bonnie Breining 11. Neural Substrates of Semantics 212 Rajani Sebastian and Argye E. Hillis 12. Diagnosis and Treatment of Semantic Impairments 231 Sofia Vallila-Rohter and Swathi Kiran PART 5 Auditory Discrimination and Recognition 253 13. Models of Speech Processing 255 Michael Grosvald, Martha W. Burton (deceased), and Steven L. Small 14. Neurobiological Bases of Auditory Processing 275 Deepti Ramadoss and Dana Boatman 15. Diagnosis and Treatment of Auditory Disorders 289 Stephanie Nagle, Deepti Ramadoss, and Dana Boatman PART 6 Sentence Processing 301 16. Sentence Comprehension Deficits: Independence and Interaction of Syntax, Semantics, and Working Memory 303 Randi C. Martin and Yingying Tan vii Contents 17. Models of Sentence Production 328 Cynthia K. Thompson, Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah, and Jiyeon Lee 18. The Neural Basis of Syntactic Processing: A Critical Review 355 David Caplan 19. Assessment and Treatment of Sentence Processing Disorders 375 Jane Marshall PART 7 Other Types of Models and Treatment Approaches 403 20. How Can Connectionist Cognitive Models of Language Inform Models of Language Rehabilitation? 405 Nadine Martin, Matti Laine, and Trevor A. Harley 21. Biological Approaches to Treatment of Aphasia 435 Daniel A. Llano and Steven L. Small 22. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Aphasia Therapy Post Stroke 458 Jenny Crinion 23. A Focus on Life Participation 476 Jacqueline J. Hinckley and Audrey L. Holland 24. The Nature and Implications of Right Hemisphere Language Disorders 491 Connie A. Tompkins, Chia-Ming Lei, and Alexandra Zezinka 25. Prosody and the Aprosodias 518 Donna C. Tippett and Elliott Ross Index 531 viii ABOUT THE EDITOR Argye E. Hillis is a Professor of Neurology, with joint faculty appointments in Physical Medi- cine and Rehabilitation and in Cognitive Science at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Hillis serves as the Executive Vice Chair of the Department of Neurology and Director of the Cerebrovascular Division of Neurology. Prior to medical training and neurology residency, she trained in the fields of speech-language pathology and cognitive neuropsychology, spent a decade in rehabilitation of aphasia, and conducted clinical research focusing on understanding and treating aphasia. Her cur- rent research combines longitudinal task-related and task-free functional imaging and structural imaging from the acute stage of stroke through the first year of recovery, with detailed cognitive and language assessments to improve our understanding of how language and other cognitive functions recover after stroke. Her other avenue of research involves developing novel treatment strategies for aphasia. ix