University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2017 An Effect All Together Unexpected: The Grotesque In Edgar Allan Poe's Fiction Clinton M. Bryant University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at:http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Recommended Citation Bryant, Clinton M., "An Effect All Together Unexpected: The Grotesque In Edgar Allan Poe's Fiction" (2017).Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 705. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/705 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN EFFECT ALL TOGETHER UNEXPECTED: THE GROTESQUE IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S FICTION A Thesis Presented by Clinton Bryant to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Specializing in English May, 2017 Defense Date: March 10, 2017 Thesis Examination Committee: Anthony Magistrale, Ph.D., Advisor Alan Tinkler, Ph.D., Chairperson Elizabeth Fenton, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College ABSTRACT Edgar Allan Poe is everywhere. His influence resonates not only in American literary criticism, but in popular culture where Homer and Bart Simpson act out “The Raven” in an episode of The Simpsons and Poe can be seen getting into a rap battle with Stephen King on the popular YouTube video series Epic Rap Battles. While a great deal has been written about the significance of Poe’s oeuvre, few scholars have focused primarily on the grotesque in his short fiction. This thesis will explore Edgar Allan Poe’s aesthetic influences, his place within the gothic tradition and describe the three elements that create his specific grotesque aesthetic: the affective reader, obsessive design, and haptic space. This thesis will describe how these elements whether in the unnamed narrator’s bridal suite in “Ligeia” or the protagonist of “The Pit and the Pendulum” experiencing the apparatus of torture during the Spanish Inquisition, create a sense of indeterminacy, trapped between pain and pleasure, beauty and terror, life and death. Analyzing Poe’s texts this thesis will describe these grotesque figurations and what these constructions mean narratively and artistically and how they inform the author’s larger intellectual goals. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No course of study is ever completed alone. I would like to thank some of the people who helped me complete both my course of study and the accompanying thesis. First, I would like to thank my late grandfather Lem Bryant, whose inheritance allowed me some financial cushion during my course of study. I would also like to thank my in-laws, James and Barbara Wright; my mother and Step- father, Jody Newman and Ray Newman, and my father, Robert Bryant. In addition, thank you to Dr. Anthony Magistrale whose encouragement and enthusiasm was much appreciated and needed. Lastly, I would like to thank the two loves of my life: my dog, Ella, and my wife, Katheryn Wright. I would like to thank Ella for being my writing partner through the entire process. Her enthusiastic wags and unerring love sustained me through many stressful deadlines and put everything in perspective. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Katheryn Wright. I came to UVM during a very stressful and tumultuous time in my life. My wife was there to offer her encouragement, love, and consideration. There are no words to truly express the debt I owe her. The only thing I can say is that without her love and support none of this would be possible. I love you and thank you my darling. Our Nation of Two as always is strong and true. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ II INTRODUCTION: READING THE GROTESQUE ......................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE GOTHIC INFLUENCES AND GROTESQUE EFFECTS ................ 5 1.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5 1.2. 18th CENTURY INFLUENCES ................................................................................. 6 1.2.1. Edmund Burke’s theory of the sublime ............................................................ 7 1.2.2. Horace Walpole’s Gothic novel ...................................................................... 11 1.2.3. Henry Fuseli’s visual aesthetic ....................................................................... 15 1.3. THE AMERICAN GOTHIC ..................................................................................... 20 1.4. GROTESQUE AS AESTHETIC ............................................................................... 24 1.5. GOTHIC STRUCTURE AND GROTESQUE AESTHETIC ................................... 29 CHAPTER 2: EDGAR ALLAN POE’S GROTESQUE AESTHETIC ........................... 32 2.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 32 2.2. POE’S CONTEXT ..................................................................................................... 33 2.3. BEAUTY AND THE GROTESQUE ........................................................................ 37 2.4. THREE ELEMENTS OF POE’S GROTESQUE AESTHETIC ............................... 41 2.4.1. The affective reader ........................................................................................ 42 2.4.2. Obsessive design ............................................................................................. 49 2.4.3. Haptic space .................................................................................................... 53 2.5. OVERALL EFFECTS ............................................................................................... 57 CONCLUSION: TO GRASP DISORDER ...................................................................... 60 WORKS CITED ............................................................................................................... 62 iii INTRODUCTION: READING THE GROTESQUE Edgar Allan Poe meets you where you live. Beyond the biography and the psychology of Poe, the simple fact remains that his stories and tales confront us in our own backyards, asserting in no uncertain terms that darkness originates inside the individual. Retrospectively, I understand that all of his protagonist’s stories begin with a dissatisfaction with the world as it appears. The discovery of Edgar Allan Poe’s multiplicity is a type of dark descent of its own. Graduate school was a reappraisal of the stories I’d loved as a teenager. They came before my eyes with new intrigues along with older, deeper questions about the conflicted feelings Poe’s stories always elicit. Poe’s tale always left me with questions: What does Poe mean by the terrorized conclusion of “Ligeia?” Shouldn’t the narrator be overjoyed at the renewal of his lost bond with Ligeia? What does Roderick Usher’s strange twin sister or the consuming tarn that swallows the story mean? Why does the narrator of “The Pit and The Pendulum” appear invigorated by the blade rushing down to kill him? Questions in Poe are arbiters of his effects and they often accumulate with no clear answers, only approximate meanings and sensations. Throughout my coursework, I explored Poe’s history and place within the canon of American literature, along with reading critical appraisals of his work. While psychoanalytical criticism was the Rosetta stone for Poe studies for many years, these possible explanations of Poe’s obsessive characters never really answered my own questions. They identified character pathology or noted a historical resemblance identified later in Freud but they didn’t fully describe the collective effects of the stories. 1 Identifying a strand of compulsion or the death drive underwhelmed the massive amounts of varying sensation within each story. Looking at Poe in a slightly different context we must answer the questions that arise not from the annihilation many characters endure, the murders they perform or the occult powers that roil around the conclusion of many tales, but what is meant by the effect, and how these effects are enacted? What is Poe emphasizing by creating short fiction with these aims? These are the questions I have set out to answer. Edgar Allan Poe’s first collection of stories was titled Tales of the Arabesque and Grotesque. In the preface to the volume Poe writes, “The epithets “Grotesque” and “Arabesque” will be found to indicate with sufficient precision the prevalent tenor of the tales here published. But from the fact that, during a period of some two or three years, I have written five-and-twenty short stories whose general character may be so briefly defined, it cannot be fairly inferred — at all events it is not truly inferred — that I have, for this species of writing, any inordinate, or indeed any peculiar taste or prepossession. I may have written with an eye to this publication in volume form, and may, therefore, have desired to preserve, as far as a certain point, a certain unity of design” (Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore website). Obviously, Poe views the terms grotesque and arabesque as indicators of craft rather than a philosophical dimension. Creating unity is assembling a series of elements in which the whole must emphasize a desired effect, which allows us to ask, what exactly does Poe hope to do by creating these effects? The grotesque from its earliest designation concerned the ornamental or decorative form. The word “‘grotesque’ is linked to the word ‘grotto’: the English word 2 derives from the Italian pittura grottesca, meaning a work (or painting) found in a grotto and refers to the room in ancient buildings in Rome which were excavated to reveal murals in a grotesque style” (Edwards and Graulund 3). The grotesque style was created by melding incongruent visual components. Often the grotesque figure showed both vegetable and animal figures attached to a singular body or design. In Daniel Hoffman’s book Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe he further defines the arabesque in terms of Poe’s writing, “In an art work grotesque signifies the depiction of monsters in an elaborate, foliated setting; while arabesque refers to an intricate pattern, geometric in design, which does not reproduce the human form—this latter element deriving in a work of art of that divine image, the human body” (203). The strength of these visual elements infiltrate many of Poe’s stories adding to the unity of design while evoking a sumptuous visual component to his prose which speaks to perhaps why many of these tales have been illustrated or made into films. To ignore the visual element in Poe is to ignore Poe himself. Edgar Allan Poe, the writer, is multiform—so that to understand Poe is to understand the effects of his stories textually and visually. The grotesque fits the occasion, acting both as a visual and philosophical process; the designation allows us to explore Poe’s multivalent tales, analyzing the aesthetic, historical, and affective ruptures of each fiction. This thesis has come to focus on the grotesque in Poe’s short fiction, tracing three elements: the affective reader, obsessive design, and haptic space. The first chapter includes a brief description of Poe’s influences in the 18 century th citing Edmund Burke’s writing, Horace Walpole’s generative Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto, and Henry Fuseli’s painting The Nightmare. Establishing these formalizing influences for Edgar Allan Poe, the chapter then situates the author in the context of the 3 Gothic. Establishing both Poe’s influences and his place in the American Gothic tradition, the rest of the chapter explores the concept of the grotesque, defining the alien within the familiar and speaking conceptually of how these elements surface in Poe’s fiction. The second chapter discusses Poe’s specific use of the grotesque, describing three elements used to create the indeterminate effects in his fiction: the affective reader, obsessive design, and haptic space. These elements work in conjunction yet their effect is not totalizing. The three parts of Poe’s grotesque construct the indeterminate, emphasizing the affective place of the reader, how the obsessive designs of the various protagonist are often swamped with chaos, and how Poe’s constructs haptic spaces. Edgar Allan Poe’s art is concerned with the act of creation. His protagonists are visionaries and artists who funnel personal loss and obsession into a creation that troubles the thread of what it means to exist. Their discontent with the world as it appears inspires them with a compulsive obsession to create and it is this insistence, the desire to alter the rational world, which creates chaos. This thesis sets out to answer questions about Poe’s narrative world including, what are his key influences, how does the grotesque fulfill his creative mission, and how does he construct these effects? Throughout the following chapters, I hope to answer these questions along with giving greater perspective on how the short fiction of Edgar Allan Poe operates. 4 CHAPTER 1: THE GOTHIC INFLUENCES AND GROTESQUE EFFECTS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE 1.1. Introduction While Edgar Allan Poe is most often identified as a Gothic writer, his relationship with many different forms of writing—from criticism, poetry, and genres of his own inventions such as detective fiction—is centered on exemplifying the concepts of beauty and the sublime. However, Poe does not simply write tales that elucidate these subjects, but rather engages the reader on the level of bodily as well as intellectual affect. Poe’s tales often have no moral impulse. His stories offer very little explication of events as didactic revelations, but rather leave the reader with a sensation of indeterminacy, mingling fear with many other sensations, such as humor, absurdity, the beauty of the artifact of the story, and intellectual curiosity at how the mechanism of the narrative has created this moment of elliptical dread. This chapter will trace Edgar Allan Poe’s aesthetic back to three eighteenth century influences, namely Edmund Burke’s theories on the beautiful and the sublime in the treatise A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful; Horace Walpole’s seminal Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto; and Henry Fuseli’s painting The Nightmare. These three influences lay the groundwork for illustrating Poe’s aesthetic concerns. Connecting his interest in Burke’s aesthetic categories of the sublime and beautiful, Walpole’s Gothic form, and Henry Fuseli’s visual evocation, the rest of the chapter will explore Poe’s place as an American Gothic writer. 5