THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 The Greenberg Rapid Review THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 The Greenberg Rapid Review th A Companion to the 8 Edition Leonard I. Kranzler, MD, JD, FACS, FAANS Clinical Professor of Surgery (Neurosurgery) University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Jonathan G. Hobbs, MD Resident Neurosurgeon University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Thieme (cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129) New York Stuttgart Delhi Rio de Janeiro THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 ExecutiveEditor:TimothyY.Hiscock ManagingEditor:JudithTomat Director,EditorialServices:MaryJoCasey ProductionEditor:NaamahSchwartz InternationalProductionDirector:AndreasSchabert VicePresident,EditorialandE-ProductDevelopment:VeraSpillner InternationalMarketingDirector:FionaHenderson InternationalSalesDirector:LouisaTurrell DirectorofSales,NorthAmerica:MikeRoseman SeniorVicePresidentandChiefOperatingOfficer:SarahVanderbilt President:BrianD.Scanlan LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Kranzler,LeonardI.,author.|Hobbs,JonathanG.,author. Title:TheGreenbergrapidreview:acompaniontothe8thedition/LeonardI.Kranzler,MD,JD,RACS,FAANS, ClinicalProfessorofSurgery(Neurosurgery),UniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois,JonathanG.Hobbs,MD, ResidentNeurosurgeon,UniversityofChicago,Chicago,Illinois. Description:NewYork:Thieme,[2017]|Acompanionto:Handbookofneurosurgery.8thed.,c2017.| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIPdata providedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed. Identifiers:LCCN2016037898(print)|LCCN2016035166(ebook)|ISBN9781626232075| ISBN9781626232068(pbk.) Subjects:LCSH:Nervoussystem–Surgery–Examinations,questions,etc. Classification:LCCRD593(print)|LCCRD593.G6772017Suppl.(ebook)|DDC617.4/80076–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016037898 ©2017ThiemeMedicalPublishers,Inc. ThiemeMedicalPublishers,Inc. 333SeventhAvenue,NewYork,NY10001USA +18007823488,[email protected] ThiemePublishersStuttgart Rüdigerstrasse14,70469Stuttgart,Germany +49[0]7118931421,[email protected] ThiemePublishersDelhi A-12,SecondFloor,Sector-2,Noida-201301 UttarPradesh,India +911204556600,[email protected] ThiemePublishersRiodeJaneiro,ThiemePublicaçõesLtda. EdifícioRodolphodePaoli,25ºandar Av.NiloPeçanha,50–Sala2508, RiodeJaneiro20020-906Brasil +55213172-2297/+55213172-1896 Coverdesign:ThiemePublishingGroup TypesettingbyFriedhelmHübnerElectronicPublishingGmbH PrintedinTheUnitedStatesofAmericabySheridanPress54321 ISBN978-1-62623-206-8 Alsoavailableasane-book: eISBN978-1-62623-207-5 THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 Importantnote:Medicineisanever-changingscienceundergoingcontinualdevelopment.Researchandclinical experiencearecontinuallyexpandingourknowledge,inparticularourknowledgeofpropertreatmentanddrug therapy.Insofarasthisbookmentionsanydosageorapplication,readersmayrestassuredthattheauthors, editors,andpublishershavemadeeveryefforttoensurethatsuchreferencesareinaccordancewiththestateof knowledgeatthetimeofproductionofthebook. Nevertheless,thisdoesnotinvolve,imply,orexpressanyguaranteeorresponsibilityonthepartofthepublishers inrespecttoanydosageinstructionsandformsofapplicationsstatedinthebook.Everyuserisrequestedto examinecarefullythemanufacturers’leafletsaccompanyingeachdrugandtocheck,ifnecessaryinconsultation withaphysicianorspecialist,whetherthedosageschedulesmentionedthereinorthecontraindicationsstated bythemanufacturersdifferfromthestatementsmadeinthepresentbook.Suchexaminationisparticularly importantwithdrugsthatareeitherrarelyusedorhavebeennewlyreleasedonthemarket.Everydosage scheduleoreveryformofapplicationusedisentirelyattheuser’sownriskandresponsibility.Theauthorsand publishersrequesteveryusertoreporttothepublishersanydiscrepanciesorinaccuraciesnoticed.Iferrorsin thisworkarefoundafterpublication,erratawillbepostedatwww.thieme.comontheproductdescriptionpage. 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THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 In appreciation for their example of scholarship, tradition, and love of family, this book is dedicated to thememoryof: Mr.MorrisKranzler Mr.BenTeichner Mrs.EvaTeichner Mr.LouisWeinberg Dr.DavidKranzler Mrs.AdaRotter Mr.MaxGoldstein Mr.AlexAngheluta Mrs.RinaRosenbush Dr.K.JefferyKranzler Mr.MiltonSaltzman Mrs.DinaWeinberg Mr.CharlesKranzler Mr.DavidHurwitz Mrs.ChanaKranzler Dr.GershonKranzler Mr.KurtLoebenberg Mrs.RoseHurwitz RabbiAlexWeisfogel Mr.JosephKranzler Mrs.RuthKranzler Mr.NateBlum Mr.WalterRosenbush Mrs.HelenGoldstein Mr.HenryKranzler Mr.SteveRotter Mrs.BettyBlum Mr.HarveyGoldstein Mr.TobeyFriedman Mrs.RosalieGoldstein Mrs.LuizaAnghelo Mr.PythonAnghelo Mrs.EvelineKranzler Mr.YerachmielKranzler Mr.ArthurKranzler Mrs.MiriamSaltzman Mrs.RuthYudkofsky Inappreciationofmyparents,Lillian(obm)andGeorgeKranzler(obm). AndtomywifeUlianaandchildren,Jenelle,Justin,andJared. LeonardI.Kranzler THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 Noaccomplishmentwouldbepossiblewithouttheunwaveringandselflessloveofmyfamily,allowingmeto pursuemyaspirationsanddreamswithoutlimits.Theyaretheoneswhomadethispossible.Myfriendsand mentorswhoprovideguidance,support,andanoftenneededvoiceofreason;Iamgratefulforallthatyoudo.It isformyfamily,friends,andthecountlessotherswhoareyettobenamed,thatIstrivetobeabetterphysician andmostimportantly,abetterperson.Thankyouall. JonathanG.Hobbs BelowisaquotefromWalden,abookthathasprovidedinspiration,fosteredself-reflectionandadeeper understandingofwhatmyfamilyandfriendsmeantome,andhowIwanttoapproachlife.Itismyhopethat thesewordswillspeaktoyoutoo,eveninsomeminuteway,thatmaygiveyouhopeandreasoninthosedark timesweallfaceduringourjourneytobecomethepersonwewanttobe. “IwenttothewoodsbecauseIwishedtolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife,andseeifIcould notlearnwhatithadtoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.Ididnotwishtolive whatwasnotlife,livingissodear;nordidIwishtopracticeresignation,unlessitwasquitenecessary.Iwanted tolivedeepandsuckoutallthemarrowoflife,tolivesosturdilyandSpartan-likeastoputtoroutallthatwas notlife,tocutabroadswathandshaveclose,todrivelifeintoacorner,andreduceittoitslowestterms.” ―HenryDavidThoreau,Walden:Or,LifeintheWoods THM_Kranzler HübnerEPGmbH 16/09/30 Contents Contents ............................................................................. viii Preface................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments.................................................................... xiii Special Acknowledgment............................................................. xiv Part 1: Anatomy and Physiology 1 Gross Anatomy, Cranial, and Spinal..........................................................................1 2 Vascular Anatomy................................................................................................12 3 Neurophysiology and Regional Brain Syndromes.....................................................18 Part 2: General and Neurology 4 Neuroanesthesia...................................................................................................28 5 Sodium Homeostasis and Osmolality.....................................................................31 6 General Neurocritical Care....................................................................................36 7 Sedatives, Paralytics, Analgesics.............................................................................38 8 Endocrinology......................................................................................................44 9 Hematology.........................................................................................................48 10 Neurology for Neurosurgeons...............................................................................53 11 Neurovascular Disorders and Neurotoxicology........................................................64 Part 3: Imaging and Diagnostics 12 Plain Radiology and Contrast Agents.....................................................................68 13 Imaging and Angiography.....................................................................................73 14 Electrodiagnostics................................................................................................78 Part 4: Developmental Anomalies 15 Primary Intracranial Anomalies..............................................................................81 16 Primary Spinal Anomalies......................................................................................88 17 Primary Craniospinal Anomalies.............................................................................95 Part 5: Coma and Brain Death 18 Coma.................................................................................................................102 19 Brain Death and Organ Donation..........................................................................108 Part 6: Infection 20 Bacterial Infections of the Parenchyma and Meninges and Complex Infections.........111 21 Skull, Spine, and Post-Surgical Infections...............................................................121 22 Other Nonbacterial Infections...............................................................................128 Part 7: Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 23 Cerebrospinal Fluid..............................................................................................132 24 Hydrocephalus – General Aspects.........................................................................138 25 Treatmentof Hydrocephalus................................................................................146 Part 8: Seizures 26 Seizure Classification and Anti-Convulsant Pharmacology........................................152 27 Special Types of Seizures.....................................................................................160