The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan with Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary VOLUME I: Tzotzil-English ROBERT M. LAUGHLIN with John B. Haviland SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 31 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formai plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.' This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smitf)sonian Contributions to AnttirofXilogy Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smittisonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution S M I T H S O N I AN C O N T R I B U T I O NS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 31 The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan with Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary VOLUME I: Tzotzil-English Robert M. Laughlin with John B. Haviland SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1988 ABSTRACT Laughlin, Robert M. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan, with Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary, Volume I: Tzotzil-English; Volume II: English-Tzotzil; Volume III: Spanish-Tzotzil. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 31, 1119 pages, 29 figures, 34 tables, 1988.—This dictionary of Tzotzil (Mayan) vocabulary from the town of Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico, was edited by the author over a period of nine years. The original manuscript, compiled by an anonymous Domimcan friar, probably at the close of the 16th century, disappeared during the Mexican Revolution but a manuscript copy of 351 pages survives. It was made around 1906 at the behest of the Bishop of Chiapas, Francisco Orozco y Jimenez. The approximately 11,000 Spanish-Tzotzil entnes have been translated into English. Following the format of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantan. the colonial Tzotzil has been ordered by roots. The spelling has been corrected and modernized. Doubtful interpretations are stated and problems are brought to the reader's attention, with frequent reference to the existing colonial Tzeltal dictionaries. Ea.ch entry is analyzed grammatically according to a system devised by John B. Haviland. All entries are keyed to their original location in the manuscript copy. A second section provides an English-Tzotzil dictionary and index for the thesaurus that follows. To make the cultural contents of this dictionary more readily available to anthropologists and historians, the thesaurus groups the Tzotzil terms under 36 cultural categories such as world, movement, life cycle, emotions, agriculture, ailments, religion, etc. Of special interest is metaphoric speech, subdivided into 10 categories. A third section presents the Spanish-Tzotzil dictionary slightly abbreviated and with the spelling of both languages modernized. A facsimile of the manuscript copy is also offered. Preceding the dictionaries is a historical sketch that places the original in its colonial setting, compares it to other 16th and 17th century lexicographic efforts, and suggests a possible author. The lives of the five individuals responsible for the preservation of the manuscript copy are traced. John B. Haviland, drawing upon the contents of the manuscript, provides a detailed analysis of the grammatical changes that have occurred in Tzotzil over the past four centuries. OFFICIAL PtJBLlCATlON DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. COVER DESIGN: Mayan glyphs, "The Writing, the Speech, of the People of the Bat, the Black Lords," by David S. Stuart. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Laughlin, Robert M. The great Tzotzil dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantan. (Smithsonian contributions to anthropology ; no 31) Bibliography: v. 1, p. Contents: v. 1. Tzotzil-English—v. 2. English-Tzotzil—v. 3. Spanish-Tzotzil. SupL of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:31 1. Tzotzil language—-Dictionaries^English. 2. English languages-Dictionaries—Tzotzil. 3. Spanish language— Dictionaries—Tzotzil. I. Haviland, John B. II. Title. III. Series. GN1.S54 no. 31a 301s 87-600364 [PM4466.Z5] [497'.4] Contents VOLUME I Page Epigraph vii Welcome to the Party! ix A Web of Mysteries 1 The Search for Souls 1 The Search for Words 8 X, Y, and Z 28 Francisco Orozco y Jimenez 33 Nicolas Leon 48 Paul Wilkinson 53 William E. Gates 56 Robert Garrett 61 At Play in the Fields of the Lord 66 Notes 74 It's My Own Invention: A Comparative Grammatical Sketch of Colonial Tzotzil, by John B. Haviland 79 Outline 79 1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas 79 2. Simple Sentences 86 3. Nominal Constituents 97 4. The Verb Phrase 107 5. Complex Sentences 118 Explanatory Notes 122 A Word of Warning 122 The Design 122 Tzotzil-English 122 English-Tzotzil 122 Spanish-Tzotzil 123 Phonology 123 Compounds 123 Tzotzil-English Dictionary 125 Appendix: Undetermined Words 344 References 346 1. Anonymous Manuscripts 346 2. Newspapers 346 3. Correspondence 346 4. Published Works 348 TABLES 1. Comparison of 20 entries for echar and echarse 11 2. Comparison of entries for empanada 11 3. Dictionaries examined for cultural comparison 11 4. Weather 12 5. Metals, stone, jewels 12 6. Edible plants 12 7. Herbs, spices 12 8. Flowers 1"^ 9. Fruit 14 10. Textile plants, etc 14 11. Bread, etc 14 12. Illness 14 111 iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRJBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 13. Architecture 16 14. Furniture and furnishings 16 15. Tools, etc 16 16. Clothing .* 18 17. Government, etc 18 18. Punishment 20 19. Laborers, servants 20 20. Army 20 21. Military construction 20 22. Arms and armor 20 23. Navy, etc 22 24. Schooling 22 25. Music 24 26. Sports and games 24 27. Most frequent entries from Tables 4-26 26 28. Sum of shared entries 26 29. Rank of sharing in cultural categories 27 30. Sum of rankings in cultural categories 27 31. Sum of entries 28 32. Comparison of one page of Ara with Guzman and Z 29 33. Comparison of colonial and modem roots 68 34. Colonial roots 69 FIGURES FRONTISPIECE: Bishop Bartolome de las Casas seeking souls in San Cristobal de las Casas viii 1. Church and former monastery of St. Dominic 7 2. Bishop Francisco Orozco y Jimenez, 1902 35 3. Bishop Orozco y Jimenez with two of his students in Rome, 1907 36 4. Episcopal Palace, San Crist6bal de las Casas, 1906 37 5. Episcopal Palace and Cathedral of San Cristobal L.C., ca. 1950 38 6. Emblem of the bishopric of Chiapas, 1907 39 7. Archbishop Orozco y Jimenez in hiding in Jalisco, ca. 1926 46 8. Birthplace of Dr. Leon, Quiroga, Michoacan 49 9. Dr. Nicolas Leon in the field 50 10. Dr. Leon's study 51 11. Bookplate of Dr. Leon 51 12. Commemorative plaque , 52 13. Dr. Nicolas Leon in formal pose 53 14. Dr. Nicolas Leon at ease 53 15. Paul Wilkinson, 1891 54 16. Wilkinson book sale catalogue 55 17. William E, Gates and Cipriano Alvarado at the kymograph, 1923 59 18. Robert Garrett at the First Olympics in Athens, 1896 62 19. Robert Garrett in later life 63 20. Bookplate of Robert Garrett 63 21. Evergreen, home of Robert Garrett 64 22. Alfred Bush 67 23. The fiddler, John B. Haviland, with Romin Peres Peres, rebuilding the roof of his dream house in Naben Chauk, 1984 68 24. The author at play in the fields of the Lord, 1982 70 25. First approximation 71 26. Spanish key; stage 1 71 27. Spanish key; stage 2 72 NUMBER 31 28. Grammatical revision and preparation for computer 73 VOLUME II English-Tzotzil Dictionary v Foreword vi EngUsh-Tzotzil 357 EngUsh-Tzotzil Thesaurus 483 OutUne 483 Thesaurus 485 VOLUME III Spanish-Tzotzil Dictionary v Foreword vi SUkeb Lo'il 655 Colonial Spanish Terms Modernized in the Text 657 Spanish-Tzotzil 661 Spanish-Tzotzil Facsimile 767 To William E. Proxmire, for the fun of it! EPIGRAPH Y sobre todo esta lengua [Tzotzil] es imperfecta y barbara y estoy cierto que aun los mas Peritos en ella no podran explicar muchos conceptos que quieran. Nicolas de Morales y Astina (1789) 1st SPECTATOR [from the audience]: All you need is a dictionary! 3rd SPECTATOR: There's no harm in that—dictionaries have all the words. Eugene lonesco But when not satisfied with Spoils at home, The Pyrate wou'd to foreign Borders roam; May he still split on some unlucky Coast, And have his Works, or Dictionary lost... Matthew Prior A Satyr on the Modern Translators (1685) Words are not pebbles in alien juxtaposition; they have only a communal existence; and not only does the meaning of each interpenetrate the other, but all in their aggregate take their purport from the setting in which they are used... Judge Learned Hand "W#/.^-v ^ >-:»- FRONTISPIECE.—Bishop Banolome de las Casas seeking souls in San Cristobal de las Casas. (Photo by Frank Cancian.)