M J ':^ Angel Family Animal Fate Aristocracy Form Art God Astronomy Good and Evil Beauty Government Being Habit Cause Happiness Chance History Change Honor Citizen Hypothesis Constitution Idea Courage Immortality Custom aiv^ <"^^n\'ention Induction Definition Infinity Democracy Judgment Desire Justice Dialectic Knowledge Duty Labor Education Language Element Law Emotion Liberty Eternity Life and Death Evolution Logic Kvp^'VW'iw/' Love The Great Ideas i Reasoning ^^^^^^M Mathematics ^^^^^^| Relation ^^^^| 1 ^^1 ^^| Matter r Religion ^ Mechanics Revolution Medicine Rhetoric Memory and Imagination Same and Other Metaphysics Science Mind Sense Monarchy Sign and Symbol Nature Sin Necessity and Contingency Slavery OHgarchy Soul One and Many Space Opinion State Opposition Temperance Philosophy Theology Physics Time Pleasure and Pain Truth Poetry Tyranny Principle Universal and Particular Progress Virtue and Vice Prophecy War and Peace Prudence Wealth Punishment Will Quality Wisdom Quantity World The Great Ideas Today 1973 Helen Hemingway Benton, Publisher Encyclopcedia Britannica, Inc, Chicago • London • Toronto • Geneva • Sydney • Tokyo • Manila • Johannesburg • Seoul The Great Ideas Today 1973 © 1973byEncyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Copyright under International Copyright Union. All rights reserved under Pan American and Universal Copyright Conventions by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. No part ofthis work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. "TheSilent Slain" In Archibald MacLci^ll is reprinted l)\ permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. lu Defense ofSocrates l)v Xcnophon is reprinted bv permission of the publishersand Ihe I.ocbClassical I,ibrar\. K. C. Marchant, translator. Xencjphon,Mertiorahilia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Liii\crsily Press. ^ " IhcSe{()n(l Coming" bv William Huller ^'eals isreprinted with permission of .Maduillan Publishing(o.. Inc..from Collected Poems \)\ William Butler ^eals, copyright 1921 b\ I he .Macmiilan Companv renewed \9'}2 bs Bertha Ceoigie Veats; and wiih piimiNsion ot A. V. W.itt ,<:Son. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 61-65561 InternationalStandard Book Number: 0-85229-286-4 Distributed to the trade by Praeger Publishers, Inc., New York, Washington EDITORS IN CHIEF Robert M. Hutchins Mortimer J. Adier EXECUTIVEEDITOR John Van Doren Consulting Editor Otto Bird Contributing Editor William Gorman Assistant Editor John Deely Editorial Assistant Cindy L. Moeckel ARTDIRECTOR Will Gallagher AssociateArt Director Cynthia Peterson Picture Editor CatherineJudge LayoutArtists MarkCowans NinaOToole PRODUCTION MANAGER J.Thomas Beatty Production Coordinator BarbaraW. Cleary Copy Editor Cheryl Trobiani ENCYCLOP/EDIA BRITANNICA, INC. Chairman ofthe Board Robert P. Gwinn President Charles E. Swanson Vice-President/Editorial Charles Van Doren Contents PART ONE The Hero and the Heroic Ideal: A Symposium Introduction The Hero and the Heroic Ideal in Great Books of the Western World 5 We Must Have Heroes S. /_. A. Marshall 37 No More Heroes Ron Dorfman 45 Heroism and Fortitude Josef Pieper 50 Heroes in Black and White Joy Gould Boyum 57 The Hero as a World Figure Sidney Hook 63 Heroes for an Ordinary World Chaim Potok 70 PART TWO Review of the Arts and Sciences TheWidening Gyre: Philosophy in the Twentieth Century W. T. Jones 78 The Anatonny of Justice in Taxation Walter J. Blum and Harry Kalven, Jr. 130 A Fresh Look at Copernicus Owen Gingerich 154 PARTTHREE The Review of a Great Book The Canterbury Tales Mark Van Doren 180 PART FOUR A Special Feature The Idea of Freedom—Part Two Charles Van Doren 232 PART FIVE Additions to the Great Books Library In Defense of Socrates Xenophon 302 The Song of Roland 314 Religio Medici Sir Thomas Browne 372 She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith 424