The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Volumes 1 & 2 Edited by William H. Young Nancy K. Young Greenwood Press The Great Depression in America The Great Depression in America A C U L T U R A L E N C Y C L O P E D I A Volume 1: A–M WILLIAM H. YOUNG and NANCY K. YOUNG Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Young, WilliamH.,1939– The GreatDepression inAmerica :a cultural encyclopedia /WilliamH. Youngand Nancy K. Young. 2 v. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-313-33520-6(set :alk. paper)—ISBN 0-313-33521-4(v.1 : alk. paper)—ISBN0-313-33522-2 (v.2 :alk. paper) 1. Popularculture—UnitedStates—History—20th century— Encyclopedias. 2.United States—Civilization—1918–1945— Encyclopedias. 3.United States—Intellectual life—20th century— Encyclopedias. 4.United States—Social life and customs—1918–1945— Encyclopedias. 5.United States—Biography—Encyclopedias. 6. Depressions—1929—United States—Encyclopedias. I.Young, Nancy K., 1940–II. Title. E169.1.Y595 2007 973.910003—dc22 2006100693 BritishLibrary Cataloguing inPublication Data isavailable. Copyright (cid:2)2007by WilliamH. Youngand Nancy K. Young Allrights reserved. Noportionof thisbookmay be reproduced, byany process ortechnique, withoutthe express written consentofthe publisher. Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number:2006100693 ISBN-10: 0-313-33520-6 (set) ISBN-13: 978-0-313-33520-4 (set) 0-313-33521-4 (vol. 1) 978-0-313-33521-1(vol. 1) 0-313-33522-2 (vol. 2) 978-0-313-33522-8(vol. 2) First publishedin 2007 Greenwood Press,88Post RoadWest,Westport, CT06881 An imprintofGreenwood PublishingGroup, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printedin theUnited States ofAmerica Thepaper usedinthis bookcomplies with the Permanent Paper Standardissued bythe National Information StandardsOrganization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In memory of Gary Sederholm, whose spirit inspired us all Contents VOLUME1 AlphabeticalListofEntries ix GuidetoRelatedTopics xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii TheEncyclopedia,EntriesA–M 1 VOLUME2 AlphabeticalListofEntries ix GuidetoRelatedTopics xiii TheEncyclopedia,EntriesN–Z 345 SelectedResources 597 Index 627 Alphabetical List of Entries Advertising Civilian ConservationCorps (CCC) Airships Coffee & Tea AlcoholicBeverages Columbo,Russ AlcoholicsAnonymous(A.A.) ComicBooks American Gothic ComicStrips Amos’n’ Andy Contract Bridge AppleMary Crime Architecture Crosby,Bing ArtDeco Astaire, Fred, &GingerRogers Design AutoCamps Desserts Automobiles Dick Tracy Aviation Dionne Quintuplets Disney, Walt Baseball Douglas DC-3 Basie,Count Dracula Basketball Benton,Thomas Hart Earhart, Amelia Berlin,Irving Education BestSellers (Books) Ellington,Duke BigLittleBooks Empire State Building,The Blondie BookClubs Fads Bowling Fairs &Expositions Boxing Fashion ‘‘Brother, CanYouSpare aDime?’’ Federal ArtProject (FAP) Buses Federal BureauofInvestigation (FBI) Federal Music Project(FMP) Caldwell,Erskine Federal Theatre Project (FTP) Candy Federal Writers’Project (FWP) Carter Family,The Fields, Dorothy Centuryof ProgressExposition(Chicago Flash Gordon World’sFair) Food Children’sFilms Football ChinaClippers 42nd Street Chrysler Building,The Frankenstein Circuses Frozen Foods