THE GREAT C H E V A U C H EE John of Gaunt's Raid on France 1373 DAVID NICOLLE ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND ILLUSTRATORS DAVID NICOLLE, born in 1944, worked in the BBC's Arabic service for a number of years before gaining an MA from the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, and a doctorate from Edinburgh University. He has written numerous books and articles on medieval and Islamic warfare, and has been a prolific author of Osprey titles for many years. PETER DENNIS was born in 1950. Inspired by contemporary magazines such as Look and Learn he studied Illustration at Liverpool Art College. Peter has since contributed to hundreds of books, predominantly on historical subjects, including many Osprey titles. A keen wargamer and modelmaker, he is based in Nottinghamshire, UK. DONATO SPEDALIERE was born in Lausanne, Switzerland, and moved to Tuscany, Italy, at the age often, where he still lives today. He has studied in Florence, and served in the Italian Army as a paratrooper. Since 1995, he has worked as a professional freelance illustrator for publishers in Italy and abroad. His artworks are to be found in many books, encyclopaedias, magazines, and museum collections. Recently he has worked on two movies, providing concept designs and matte paintings, as well as acting as the supervisor of the special effects team for the film Obulus. MARIUSZ KOZIK was born in Lublin, Poland, in 1973. From 1989 to 1994 he studied fine art at the Artistic Lyceum in Lublin, then from 1995 to 2000 at the Academy Of Arts in Wroclaw, earning his diploma under Professor Jospeh Halas. Mariusz's work has been exhibited extensively in Poland. While he loves traditional painting methods, he began experimenting with computer-assisted artwork in 2006. His enthusiasm for military history began as a boy but has blossomed with his career. Mariuszis completing all the cover artwork for the Osprey Raid series. THE GREAT CHEVAUCHEE John of Gaunt's Raid on France 1373 :<k<«<*\ DAVID NICOLLE First published in Great Britain in 2011 by Osprey Publishing, Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford, 0X2 OPH, UK 44-02 23rd St, Suite 219, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA E-mail: [email protected] © 2011 Osprey Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Print ISBN: 978 1 84908 247 1 PDF e-book ISBN: 978 1 84908 248 8 Page layout by Bounford.com, Cambridge, UK Index by Margaret Vaudrey Typeset in Sabon Maps by Bounford.com Artist: Peter Dennis BEVs: Donato Spedaliere/Alina lllustrazioni Originated by PPS Grasmere Ltd, Leeds, UK Printed in China through Worldrprint Ltd 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Osprey Publishing is supporting the Woodland Trust, the UK's leading woodland conservation charity, by funding the dedication of trees. www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 ORIGINS 8 INITIAL STRATEGY 14 THE PLAN 22 THE RAID 35 ANALYSIS 69 CONCLUSION 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 INDEX 80 X INTRODUCTION There is a tendency in the English-speaking world to envisage the Hundred Years War between England and France as a sequence of dramatic English victories in battle followed by somewhat puzzling defeat. Certainly the first phase of the conflict was marked by successes that have burned themselves into the country's collective memory, most notably Crecy in 1346 and Poitiers in 1356. Then came the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360, which left a third of France under the recognized rule of King Edward III of England. Yet by the end of the 14th century, English rule had been reduced to a few small - in some cases tiny - coastal enclaves. How this happened tends to be glossed over in British history books. It represented a collapse marked by few battles on land, none of which involved large armies, and one major naval defeat, which is even more embarrassing for a proud maritime nation. On the other hand the English did not simply roll over. In fact the second phase of the Hundred Years War, from 1369 until 1396, saw several major efforts by the English, on land and sea, to restore their position in France. Perhaps the most ambitious, remarkable and indeed heroic was the Great Chevauchee commanded by John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, in 1373. Yet it also failed in its primary objectives, and was followed by an English collapse in Aquitaine. A number of other events had an even greater impact on the course of these first two phases of the Hundred Years War. Above all there was the Black Death, a series of epidemics of bubonic plague that wrought havoc across much of the known world. Reaching France in 1348 and most of England the following year, the plague returned again and again, the last major outbreaks being in 1369 and 1375. John of Gaunt's Great Chevauchee was therefore launched between two epidemics. Military casualties were tiny when compared to those caused by the Black Death, and although plague mortality was less among the elite than amongst ordinary people it was nevertheless still high, leading to a reshaping of the aristocratic social and military fabric in both countries. Indeed it was often necessary to promote new men and families to aristocratic status The Tuchins, who rose with its attendant military obligations. The economic impact of the Black in revolt across much of Death also meant that the value of many aristocratic estates, even those southern France in the of royal families, fell and had not recovered at the time John of Gaunt 1360s, reflected the was desperately searching for money to finance his ambitious new desperation of the people campaign in France. and the ravages caused by war. The rugged nature of France had been the richest country in Europe at the start of the the terrain, such as that seen Hundred Years War and despite defeats and plagues its rulers still seem to here at Pont du Rastel, also have had relatively little difficulty raising money for increasingly meant that decades passed professional, mercenary and expensive armies. In fact it seems that the before government authority continuation of the war often benefited the surviving nobility and urban was restored. (Author's oligarchies, as well as the government bureaucracy in France. But it was photograph) of no benefit to the peasantry, amongst whom it came to be said that'Les bois sont venus en France avec les Anglais' (Forests came to France with the English) because a steep decline in the rural economy led to an increase in wooded areas at the expense of agricultural land.1 Yet it is interesting to note that the war had little impact on the level of crime in France, many violent crimes actually being acts of resistance by supporters of one side or the other. What is clear is that the conflict enabled the French legal system to strengthen ideas of loyalty to the crown rather than to local lords. Indeed in both England and France kings and their governments increasingly expected unflinching obedience in what might be interpreted as the dawn of modern nationalism. Significant cultural changes also had a military impact by changing attitudes amongst military elites. In England, for example, French remained a language of culture and gentility even in the later 14th century. However it was now a prestigious but 1 Favreau, R., 'L'enquete pontificale 1373 sur les Hospitaliers dans la diocese de Saintes', in A. Luttrell & L. Pressouyre (eds), La Commanderie, Paris (2002), p.271 5 The battle of La Rochelle, foreign tongue, rather like Latin. Even amongst the higher aristocracy, who in which an English fleet were so proud of their Norman or French origins, the stumbling Anglo- was defeated by France's Norman French of the nobility was becoming something of a joke, especially Castilian allies within sight as the Hundred Years War encouraged increasing francophobia across of these harbour towers England. Meanwhile English was establishing its superiority among the triggered a collapse of country gentry and lower aristocracy, despite the fact that its use was English power in south- hampered by a huge variety of dialects and spellings. Chaucer noted this western France, which problem in his great poem Troilus and Criseyde, which he completed just in turn prompted John of over ten years after the Great Chevauchee: Gaunt's epic raid of 1373. (Author's photograph) And for ther is so greet diversitee In English and in wryting of our tonge, So preye I god that noon miswryte thee, Ne thee mismetre for defaute of tonge.2 In England, these years similarly saw a significant rise in the power of Parliament, though the institution itself could hardly yet be called democratic. In the year of the Great Chevauchee the merchants of England proclaimed that Parliament rather than various mercantile assemblies represented their wishes, and in 1373 or 1374, according to the Eulogium 2 Chaucer, Geoffrey (W.W. Skeat ed., S. Boston tr.), Troilus & Criseyde, London (1990), verse 257 Introduction Historiarum, a great council took place in Westminster in the presence of Edward Ill's eldest son, the Black Prince, and the Archbishop of Canterbury concerning the validity of papal taxation. Whether it really took place is a matter of debate, and the story might simply be anti-papal propaganda. Less than a decade later southern England was convulsed by the Peasants' Revolt, but by then France had suffered more prolonged violence from the 'lower orders'. The bloody Jacquerie uprising of 1358 was worst in areas north of Paris and stemmed largely from dissatisfaction with an aristocracy that had failed in its primary roles as defender of the kingdom and upkeeper of law and order. It involved many other groups of society in addition to the traditional agricultural peasantry and, although the Jacquerie was soon crushed, it had stirred up terrifying class hatreds. The Tuchin revolts of the 1360s were more prolonged but were confined to the south of the country. Having flared up in the Haute Auvergne about 1360, these revolts eventually spread to towns around 1378, and were seen across much of the Languedoc. The Tuchins reached their peak in the winter of 1382-83 before finally being suppressed in 1385. By then, of course, the Great Chevauchee had not only marched right through the worst-hit heartlands of the Tuchin revolt but, by spreading still more devastation, disruption and despair, had contributed substantially to its causes. 7 ORIGINS The origins of the Great Chevauchee lie in the period of relentless English setbacks from the failure of the Treaty of Bretigny to the fall of La Rochelle in September 1372. Bretigny had recognized the English king, Edward III, as the sovereign ruler of about one third of France, and not as a vassal of the French king as had previously been the case for 'English' territory in France. King Jean 'the Good' of France, having been captured at the battle of Poitiers, eventually agreed to the Treaty of Bretigny but died four years later. He was succeeded by his son Charles V, who, though cautious and unwarlike, wanted revenge for the humiliation of Bretigny without the risks of full-scale war. Within a year of coming to the throne he won a significant victory over King Charles of Navarre who, like the English monarchs of earlier centuries, owned large territories within France and had resisted the authority of the French king. However this was promptly followed by a less successful campaign in Brittany, where Charles's most famous commander, Bertrand du Guesclin, was captured - not for the first time in his remarkable career - by an Anglo-Breton army at the battle of Auray. Despite this setback, the pro-English Duke Jean IV of Brittany was for a while driven out. Nevertheless, this complex conflict, known as the War of Breton Succession (1341-65) ended with Jean IV returning as Duke and coming to terms with Charles V. The English and French kings next supported rival claimants to the crown of Leon and Castile in Spain, where they fought another 'proxy war'. Meanwhile the English were committed to the unprofitable occupation of extensive territories in France, where their presence was widely, though not universally, resented. As if this was not enough, there was further Anglo-French competition in Flanders, which was currently going through one of the most tumultuous periods in its tumultuous history. While most of Flanders was either ruled or dominated by France, within the country the wealthy and economically advanced cities dominated the rural countryside. Indeed Flanders had much in common with early Renaissance Italy in political, economic and social, if not yet cultural, terms. Like much of Italy, much of Flanders was also hugely