TABLE OF CONTENTS A Word From the Author: How Can This Commentary Help You? ..................... i A Guide to Good Bible Reading: A Personal Search for Verifiable Truth ................ iii Commentary: The Man, Peter .............................................................. 1 Introduction to Mark .......................................................... 3 Mark 1..................................................................... 7 Mark 2.................................................................... 32 Mark 3.................................................................... 41 Mark 4.................................................................... 55 Mark 5.................................................................... 67 Mark 6.................................................................... 74 Mark 7.................................................................... 84 Mark 8.................................................................... 95 Mark 9................................................................... 105 Mark 10.................................................................. 118 Mark 11.................................................................. 139 Mark 12.................................................................. 149 Mark 13.................................................................. 169 Mark 14.................................................................. 190 Mark 15.................................................................. 210 Mark 16.................................................................. 224 Introduction to I Peter .......................................................... 229 I Peter 1.................................................................. 233 I Peter 2.................................................................. 251 I Peter 3.................................................................. 265 I Peter 4.................................................................. 279 I Peter 5.................................................................. 289 Introduction to II Peter .......................................................... 298 II Peter 1 ................................................................. 302 II Peter 2 ................................................................. 319 II Peter 3 ................................................................. 332 Appendix One: Brief Definitions of Greek Grammatical Structure .......................... 342 Appendix Two: Textual Criticism ................................................... 349 Appendix Three: Doctrinal Statement ................................................. 352 SPECIAL TOPICS IN MARK AND I & II PETER Arch‘, Mark 1:1 ................................................................. 9 Repentance, Mark 1:4 ........................................................... 11 Confession, Mark 1:5 ............................................................ 12 Adoptionism, Mark 1:10 ......................................................... 14 Gnosticism, Mark 1:10........................................................... 14 The Trinity, Mark 1:11 .......................................................... 14 Symbolic Numbers in Scripture, Mark 1:13........................................... 15 Greek Terms for “Testing” and Their Connotations, Mark 1:13 ........................... 18 Satan, Mark 1:13 ............................................................... 19 Family of Herod the Great, Mark 1:14............................................... 21 Kingdom of God, Mark 1:15 ...................................................... 22 Faith, Pistis (noun), PisteuÇ (verb), Pistos (adjective), Mark 1:15 ......................... 23 Sabbath, Mark 1:21 ............................................................. 25 Scribes, Mark 1:22 .............................................................. 25 The Demonic, Mark 1:23 ......................................................... 26 The Holy One, Mark 1:24 ........................................................ 27 Exorcism, Mark 1:25 ............................................................ 28 Heart, Mark 2:6 ................................................................ 34 Pharisees, Mark 2:16 ............................................................ 37 Fasting, Mark 2:18 .............................................................. 38 Herodians, Mark 3:6 ............................................................ 43 Destruction (Apollumi), Mark 3:6 .................................................. 45 Son of God, Mark 3:11 .......................................................... 46 The Number Twelve, Mark 3:14 ................................................... 47 The Apostles’ Names, Mark 3:16 .................................................. 48 Amen, Mark 3:28 ............................................................... 51 The Personhood of the Holy Spirit, Mark 3:29 ........................................ 52 Eternal, Mark 3:29 .............................................................. 53 “The Unpardonable Sin,” Mark 3:29 ................................................ 53 Interpreting Parables, Mark 4 Intro ................................................. 57 Mystery in the NT, Mark 4:11 ..................................................... 60 Need to Persevere, Mark 4:17 ..................................................... 62 Greek Verb Tenses Used for Salvation, Mark 4:27-29 .................................. 64 Anointing in the Bible, Mark 6:13 .................................................. 78 Hypocrites, Mark 7:6 ............................................................ 87 Human Speech, Mark 7:20........................................................ 89 Laying On of Hands, Mark 7:32 ................................................... 92 The Resurrection, Mark 8:31 ..................................................... 101 Send (ApostellÇ), Mark 9:57 ..................................................... 113 Where Are the Dead?, Mark 9:43 ................................................. 115 Ktisis, Mark 10:6 .............................................................. 121 The Ten Commandments, Mark 10:19.............................................. 124 Wealth, Mark 10:23 ............................................................ 127 Glory, Mark 10:37 ............................................................. 133 Ransom/Redeem, Mark 10:45 .................................................... 135 Jesus the Nazarene, Mark 10:42 .................................................. 137 Forever (Greek Idioms), Mark. 11:14 .............................................. 142 Effective Prayer, Mark 11:23-24 .................................................. 146 Cornerstone, Mark 12:10 ........................................................ 152 The Sanhedrin, Mark 12:13 ...................................................... 153 Sadducees, Mark 12:18 ......................................................... 156 Moses’ Authorship of the Pentateuch, Mark 12:26 .................................... 158 Names for Deity, Mark 12:36 .................................................... 162 Degrees of Rewards and Punishments, Mark 12:40 .................................... 165 Coins in Use in Palestine in Jesus’ Day, Mark 12:42................................... 167 Apocalyptic Literature, Mark 13 Intro .............................................. 174 The Two Questions Answered, Mark 13:4 .......................................... 176 This Age and the Age to Come, Mark 13:8 .......................................... 177 Abomination of Desolation, Mark 13:14 ............................................ 179 Election/Predestination and the Need for a Theological Balance, Mark 13:20 ............... 180 Intercessory Prayer, Mark 13:20 .................................................. 181 Forty-two Months, Mark 13:26 ................................................... 182 Coming In the Clouds, Mark 13:26 ................................................ 184 Symbolic Numbers in Scripture, Mark 13:27......................................... 185 Father, Mark 13:32 ............................................................ 177 Almsgiving, Mark 14:5 ......................................................... 194 Order of the Passover Service in First Century Judaism, Mark 14:22 ...................... 198 The Lord’s Supper in John 6, Mark 14:22 ........................................... 198 Covenant, Mark 14:24 .......................................................... 199 Poured Out, Mark 14:24 ........................................................ 200 The Hour, Mark 14:35 .......................................................... 203 Curse, (Anathema), Mark 14:71................................................... 208 Pontius Pilate, Mark 15:1........................................................ 212 Women in the Bible, Mark 15:40.................................................. 220 The Women Who Followed Jesus, Mark 16:1 ........................................ 225 Burial Spices, Mark 16:1 ........................................................ 227 Election, I Peter 1:2 ............................................................ 235 Believers’ Inheritance, I Peter 1:4 ................................................. 237 Greek Verb Tenses Used for Salvation, I Peter 1:5 .................................... 238 Jesus and the Spirit, I Peter 1:11 .................................................. 241 The Kerygma of the Early Church, I Peter 1:11 ....................................... 242 Paul’s View of the Mosaic Law, I Peter 1:12......................................... 242 Sanctification, I Peter 1:15 ....................................................... 244 Holy, I Peter 1:16 .............................................................. 245 Edify, I Peter 2:5 .............................................................. 253 Christianity is Corporate, I Peter 2:5 ............................................... 253 Submission, I Peter 2:13 ........................................................ 257 Human Government, I Peter 2:13 ................................................. 258 The Will (thel‘ma) of God, I Peter 2:15 ............................................ 259 Paul’s Admonition to Slaves, I Peter 2:18 ........................................... 261 Righteousness, I Peter 3:14 ...................................................... 270 Hope, I Peter 3:15 ............................................................. 273 Where Are the Dead?, I Peter 3:18 ................................................ 275 Vices and Virtues in the NT, I Peter 4:2 ............................................ 280 Biblical Attitudes Toward Alcohol and Alcoholism, I Peter 4:3 .......................... 281 Why Do Christians Suffer?, I Peter 4:12 ............................................ 286 KoinÇnia, I Peter 4:13 .......................................................... 286 Form (Tupos), I Peter 5:3 ........................................................ 291 Personal Evil, I Peter 5:8 ........................................................ 293 Perseverance, I Peter 5:9 ........................................................ 294 Silas - Silvanus, I Peter 5:12 ..................................................... 296 Christian Growth, II Peter 1:5 .................................................... 307 Assurance, II Peter 1:10 ......................................................... 309 Called, II Peter 1:10 ............................................................ 310 Apostasy (aphist‘mi), II Peter 1:10 ................................................ 311 Truth, II Peter 1:12 ............................................................ 313 “True” in John, II Peter 1:12 ..................................................... 314 Terms Used for the Second Coming, II Peter 1:16 .................................... 315 The Sons of God in Genesis 6, II Peter 2:4 .......................................... 323 Destroy, Ruin, Corrupt (phtheirÇ), II Peter 2:12 ...................................... 328 Fire, II Peter 3:5 ............................................................... 335 Bob’s Evangelical Biases, II Peter 3:7 .............................................. 337 A WORD FROM THE AUTHOR: HOW CAN THIS COMMENTARY HELP YOU? Biblical interpretation is a rational and spiritual process that attempts to understand an ancient inspired writer in such a way that the message from God may be understood and applied in our day. The spiritual process is crucial but difficult to define. It does involve a yieldedness and openness to God. There must be a hunger (1) for Him, (2) to know Him, and (3) to serve Him. This process involves prayer, confession and the willingness for lifestyle change. The Spirit is crucial in the interpretive process but why sincere, godly Christians understand the Bible differently is a mystery. The rational process is easier to describe. We must be consistent and fair to the text and not be influenced by our personal or denominational biases. We are all historically conditioned. None of us are objective, neutral interpreters. This commentary offers a careful rational process containing three interpretive principles structured to help us overcome our biases. First Principle The first principle is to note the historical setting in which a biblical book was written and the particular historical occasion for its authorship. The original author had a purpose, a message to communicate. The text cannot mean something to us that it never meant to the original, ancient, inspired author. His intent—not our historical, emotional, cultural, personal or denominational need—is the key. Application is an integral partner to interpretation, but proper interpretation must always precede application. It must be reiterated that every biblical text has one and only one meaning. This meaning is what the original biblical author intended through the Spirit's leadership to communicate to his day. This one meaning may have many possible applications to different cultures and situations. These applications must be linked to the central truth of the original author. For this reason, this study guide commentary is designed to provide an introduction to each book of the Bible. Second Principle The second principle is to identify the literary units. Every biblical book is a unified document. Interpreters have no right to isolate one aspect of truth by excluding others. Therefore, we must strive to understand the purpose of the whole biblical book before we interpret the individual literary units. The individual parts—chapters, paragraphs, or verses—cannot mean what the whole unit does not mean. Interpretation must move from a deductive approach of the whole to an inductive approach to the parts. Therefore, this study guide commentary is designed to help the student analyze the structure of each literary unit by paragraphs. Paragraph, as well as chapter, divisions are not inspired, but they do aid us in identifying thought units. Interpreting at a paragraph level—not sentence, clause, phrase or word level—is the key in following the intended meaning of the biblical author. Paragraphs are based on a unified topic, often called the theme or topical sentence. Every word, phrase, clause, and sentence in the paragraph relates somehow to this unified theme. They limit it, expand it, explain it, and/or question it. A real key to proper interpretation is to follow the original author's thought on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis through the individual literary units that make up the biblical book. This study guide commentary is designed to help the student do that by comparing modern English translations. These translations have been selected because they employ different translation theories: 1. The United Bible Society's Greek text is the revised fourth edition (UBS4). This text was paragraphed by modern textual scholars. 2. The New King James Version (NKJV) is a word-for-word literal translation based on the Greek manuscript tradition known as the Textus Receptus. Its paragraph divisions are longer than the other translations. These longer units help the student to see the unified topics. 3. The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) is a modified word-for-word translation. It forms a mid point between the following two modern versions. Its paragraph divisions are quite helpful in identifying subjects. 4. The Today's English Version (TEV) is a dynamic equivalent translation published by the United Bible Society. It attempts to translate the Bible in such a way that a modern English reader or speaker can understand the meaning of the Greek text. Often, especially in the Gospels, it divides paragraphs by speaker rather than by subject, in the same way as the NIV. For the interpreter's purposes, this is not helpful. It is interesting to note that both the UBS4 and TEV are published by the same entity, yet their paragraphing differs. 5. The Jerusalem Bible (JB) is a dynamic equivalent translation based on a French Catholic translation. It is very helpful in comparing the paragraphing from a European perspective. 6. The printed text is the 1995 Updated New American Standard Bible (NASB), which is a word for word translation. The verse by verse comments follow this paragraphing. i Third Principle The third principle is to read the Bible in different translations in order to grasp the widest possible range of meaning (semantic field) that biblical words or phrases may have. Often a Greek phrase or word can be understood in several ways. These different translations bring out these options and help to identify and explain the Greek manuscript variations. These do not affect doctrine, but they do help us to try to get back to the original text penned by an inspired ancient writer. This commentary offers a quick way for the student to check his interpretations. It is not meant to be definitive, but rather informative and thought-provoking. Often, other possible interpretations help us not be so parochial, dogmatic, and denominational. Interpreters need to have a larger range of interpretive options to recognize how ambiguous the ancient text can be. It is shocking how little agreement there is among Christians who claim the Bible as their source of truth. These principles have helped me to overcome much of my historical conditioning by forcing me to struggle with the ancient text. My hope is that it will be a blessing to you as well. Bob Utley East Texas Baptist University June 27, 1996 ii A GUIDE TO GOOD BIBLE READING: A PERSONAL SEARCH FOR VERIFIABLE TRUTH Can we know truth? Where is it found? Can we logically verify it? Is there an ultimate authority? Are there absolutes which can guide our lives, our world? Is there meaning to life? Why are we here? Where are we going? These questions—questions that all rational people contemplate—have haunted the human intellect since the beginning of time (Eccl. 1:13-18; 3:9-11). I can remember my personal search for an integrating center for my life. I became a believer in Christ at a young age, based primarily on the witness of significant others in my family. As I grew to adulthood, questions about myself and my world also grew. Simple cultural and religious clichés did not bring meaning to the experiences I read about or encountered. It was a time of confusion, searching, longing, and often a feeling of hopelessness in the face of the insensitive, hard world in which I lived. Many claimed to have answers to these ultimate questions, but after research and reflection I found that their answers were based upon (1) personal philosophies, (2) ancient myths, (3) personal experiences, or (4) psychological projections. I needed some degree of verification, some evidence, some rationality on which to base my world-view, my integrating center, my reason to live. I found these in my study of the Bible. I began to search for evidence of its trustworthiness, which I found in (1) the historical reliability of the Bible as confirmed by archaeology, (2) the accuracy of the prophecies of the Old Testament, (3) the unity of the Bible message over the sixteen hundred years of its production, and (4) the personal testimonies of people whose lives had been permanently changed by contact with the Bible. Christianity, as a unified system of faith and belief, has the ability to deal with complex questions of human life. Not only did this provide a rational framework, but the experiential aspect of biblical faith brought me emotional joy and stability. I thought that I had found the integrating center for my life—Christ, as understood through the Scriptures. It was a heady experience, an emotional release. However, I can still remember the shock and pain when it began to dawn on me how many different interpretations of this book were advocated, sometimes even within the same churches and schools of thought. Affirming the inspiration and trustworthiness of the Bible was not the end, but only the beginning. How do I verify or reject the varied and conflicting interpretations of the many difficult passages in Scripture by those who were claiming its authority and trustworthiness? This task became my life’s goal and pilgrimage of faith. I knew that my faith in Christ had (1) brought me great peace and joy. My mind longed for some absolutes in the midst of the relativity of my culture (post-modernity); (2) the dogmatism of conflicting religious systems (world religions); and (3) denominational arrogance. In my search for valid approaches to the interpretation of ancient literature, I was surprised to discover my own historical, cultural, denominational and experiential biases. I had often read the Bible simply to reinforce my own views. I used it as a source of dogma to attack others while reaffirming my own insecurities and inadequacies. How painful this realization was to me! Although I can never be totally objective, I can become a better reader of the Bible. I can limit my biases by identifying them and acknowledging their presence. I am not yet free of them, but I have confronted my own weaknesses. The interpreter is often the worst enemy of good Bible reading! Let me list some of the presuppositions I bring to my study of the Bible so that you, the reader, may examine them along with me: I. Presuppositions A. I believe the Bible is the sole inspired self-revelation of the one true God. Therefore, it must be interpreted in light of the intent of the original divine author (the Spirit) through a human writer in a specific historical setting. B. I believe the Bible was written for the common person—for all people! God accommodated Himself to speak to us clearly within a historical and cultural context. God does not hide truth—He wants us to understand! Therefore, it must be interpreted in light of its day, not ours. The Bible should not mean to us what it never meant to those who first read or heard it. It is understandable by the average human mind and uses normal human communication forms and techniques. C. I believe the Bible has a unified message and purpose. It does not contradict itself, though it does contain difficult and paradoxical passages. Thus, the best interpreter of the Bible is the Bible itself. D. I believe that every passage (excluding prophesies) has one and only one meaning based on the intent of the original, inspired author. Although we can never be absolutely certain we know the original author’s intent, many indicators point in its direction: 1. the genre (literary type) chosen to express the message 2. the historical setting and/or specific occasion that elicited the writing 3. the literary context of the entire book as well as each literary unit 4. the textual design (outline) of the literary units as they relate to the whole message 5. the specific grammatical features employed to communicate the message 6. the words chosen to present the message iii 7. parallel passages The study of each of these areas becomes the object of our study of a passage. Before I explain my methodology for good Bible reading, let me delineate some of the inappropriate methods being used today that have caused so much diversity of interpretation, and that consequently should be avoided: II. Inappropriate Methods A. Ignoring the literary context of the books of the Bible and using every sentence, clause, or even individual words as statements of truth unrelated to the author’s intent or the larger context. This is often called “proof-texting.” B. Ignoring the historical setting of the books by substituting a supposed historical setting that has little or no support from the text itself. C. Ignoring the historical setting of the books and reading it as the morning hometown newspaper written primarily to modern individual Christians. D. Ignoring the historical setting of the books by allegorizing the text into a philosophical/theological message totally unrelated to the first hearers and the original author’s intent. E. Ignoring the original message by substituting one’s own system of theology, pet doctrine, or contemporary issue unrelated to the original author’s purpose and stated message. This phenomenon often follows the initial reading of the Bible as a means of establishing a speaker’s authority. This is often referred to as “reader response” (“what-the- text-means-to-me” interpretation). At least three related components may be found in all written human communication: The The The Original Written Original Author’s Intent Text Recipients In the past, different reading techniques have focused on one of the three components. But to truly affirm the unique inspiration of the Bible, a modified diagram is more appropriate: T he Holy Manuscript Later Spirit Variants Believers The The The Original Written Original Author’s Intent Text Recipients In truth all three components must be included in the interpretive process. For the purpose of verification, my interpretation focuses on the first two components: the original author and the text. I am probably reacting to the abuses I have observed (1) allegorizing or spiritualizing texts and (2) “reader response” interpretation (what-it-means-to-me). Abuse may occur at each stage. We must always check our motives, biases, techniques, and applications. But how do we check them if there are no boundaries to interpretations, no limits, no criteria? This is where authorial intent and textual structure provide me with some criteria for limiting the scope of possible valid interpretations. In light of these inappropriate reading techniques, what are some possible approaches to good Bible reading and interpretation which offer a degree of verification and consistency? III. Possible Approaches to Good Bible Reading At this point I am not discussing the unique techniques of interpreting specific genres but general hermeneutical principles valid for all types of biblical texts. A good book for genre-specific approaches is How To Read The Bible For All Its Worth, by Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart, published by Zondervan. My methodology focuses initially on the reader allowing the Holy Spirit to illumine the Bible through four personal reading cycles. This makes the Spirit, the text and the reader primary, not secondary. This also protects the reader from being unduly iv influenced by commentators. I have heard it said: “The Bible throws a lot of light on commentaries.” This is not meant to be a depreciating comment about study aids, but rather a plea for an appropriate timing for their use. We must be able to support our interpretations from the text itself. Three areas provide at least limited verification: 1. the original author’s a. historical setting b. literary context 2. the original author’s choice of a. grammatical structures (syntax) b. contemporary word usage c. genre 3. our understanding of appropriate a. relevant parallel passages b. relationship between doctrines (paradox) We need to be able to provide the reasons and logic behind our interpretations. The Bible is our only source for faith and practice. Sadly, Christians often disagree about what it teaches or affirms. It is self-defeating to claim inspiration for the Bible and then for believers not to be able to agree on what it teaches and requires! The four reading cycles are designed to provide the following interpretive insights: A. The first reading cycle 1. Read the book in a single sitting. Read it again in a different translation, hopefully from a different translation theory a. word-for-word (NKJV, NASB, NRSV) b. dynamic equivalent (TEV, JB) c. paraphrase (Living Bible, Amplified Bible) 2. Look for the central purpose of the entire writing. Identify its theme. 3. Isolate (if possible) a literary unit, a chapter, a paragraph or a sentence which clearly expresses this central purpose or theme. 4. Identify the predominant literary genre a. Old Testament (1) Hebrew narrative (2) Hebrew poetry (wisdom literature, psalm) (3) Hebrew prophecy (prose, poetry) (4) Law codes b. New Testament (1) Narratives (Gospels, Acts) (2) Parables (Gospels) (3) Letters/epistles (4) Apocalyptic literature B. The second reading cycle 1. Read the entire book again, seeking to identify major topics or subjects. 2. Outline the major topics and briefly state their contents in a simple statement. 3. Check your purpose statement and broad outline with study aids. C. The third reading cycle 1. Read the entire book again, seeking to identify the historical setting and specific occasion for the writing from the Bible book itself. 2. List the historical items that are mentioned in the Bible book a. the author b. the date c. the recipients d. the specific reason for writing e. aspects of the cultural setting that relate to the purpose of the writing f. references to historical people and events 3. Expand your outline to paragraph level for that part of the biblical book you are interpreting. Always identify and outline the literary unit. This may be several chapters or paragraphs. This enables you to follow the original author’s logic and textual design. 4. Check your historical setting by using study aids. v D. The fourth reading cycle 1. Read the specific literary unit again in several translations a. word-for-word (NKJV, NASB, NRSV) b. dynamic equivalent (TEV, JB) c. paraphrase (Living Bible, Amplified Bible) 2. Look for literary or grammatical structures a. repeated phrases, Eph. 1:6,12,13 b. repeated grammatical structures, Rom. 8:31 c. contrasting concepts 3. List the following items a. significant terms b. unusual terms c. important grammatical structures d. particularly difficult words, clauses, and sentences 4. Look for relevant parallel passages a. look for the clearest teaching passage on your subject using (1) “systematic theology” books (2) reference Bibles (3) concordances b. Look for a possible paradoxical pair within your subject. Many biblical truths are presented in dialectical pairs; many denominational conflicts come from proof-texting half of a biblical tension. All of the Bible is inspired, and we must seek out its complete message in order to provide a Scriptural balance to our interpretation. c. Look for parallels within the same book, same author or same genre; the Bible is its own best interpreter because it has one author, the Spirit. 5. Use study aids to check your observations of historical setting and occasion a. study Bibles b. Bible encyclopedias, handbooks and dictionaries c. Bible introductions d. Bible commentaries (at this point in your study, allow the believing community, past and present, to aid and correct your personal study.) IV. Application of Bible interpretation At this point we turn to application. You have taken the time to understand the text in its original setting; now you must apply it to your life, your culture. I define biblical authority as “understanding what the original biblical author was saying to his day and applying that truth to our day.” Application must follow interpretation of the original author’s intent both in time and logic. We cannot apply a Bible passage to our own day until we know what it was saying to its day! A Bible passage should not mean what it never meant! Your detailed outline, to paragraph level (reading cycle #3), will be your guide. Application should be made at paragraph level, not word level. Words have meaning only in context; clauses have meaning only in context; sentences have meaning only in context. The only inspired person involved in the interpretive process is the original author. We only follow his lead by the illumination of the Holy Spirit. But illumination is not inspiration. To say “thus saith the Lord,” we must abide by the original author’s intent. Application must relate specifically to the general intent of the whole writing, the specific literary unit and paragraph level thought development. Do not let the issues of our day interpret the Bible; let the Bible speak! This may require us to draw principles from the text. This is valid if the text supports a principle. Unfortunately, many times our principles are just that, “our” principles—not the text’s principles. In applying the Bible, it is important to remember that (except in prophecy) one and only one meaning is valid for a particular Bible text. That meaning is related to the intent of the original author as he addressed a crisis or need in his day. Many possible applications may be derived from this one meaning. The application will be based on the recipients’ needs but must be related to the original author’s meaning. V. The Spiritual Aspect of Interpretation So far I have discussed the logical and textual process involved in interpretation and application. Now let me discuss briefly the spiritual aspect of interpretation. The following checklist has been helpful for me: A. Pray for the Spirit’s help (cf. I Cor. 1:26-2:16). B. Pray for personal forgiveness and cleansing from known sin (cf. I John 1:9). C. Pray for a greater desire to know God (cf. Ps. 19:7-14; 42:1ff.; 119:1ff). vi