Project Gutenberg's The Geology of Darling State Park, by Harry W. Dodge, Jr. This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Geology of Darling State Park Author: Harry W. Dodge, Jr. Release Date: November 19, 2019 [EBook #60730] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOLOGY OF DARLING STATE PARK *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net The Geology of Darling State Park 2 Cover picture: View of Burke Mountain (center, background). Picture taken toward the northeast from State Route 114, about 5 miles south of East Burke. THE GEOLOGY OF DARLING STATE PARK By HARRY W. DODGE, JR. VERMONT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Doll, State Geologist DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND PARKS Robert B. Williams, Commissioner DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 1967 3 Figure 1. Map showing the location of Burke Mountain (Darling State Park), and mountain peaks which can be seen from the summit of Burke Mountain. Jay Peak 39 MILES 3861′ Gore Mtn. 25 MILES 3330′ Monadnock Mtn. 29 MILES 3140′ Haystack Mtn. 35 MILES 3223′ Belvidere Mtn. 34 MILES 3360′ Willoughby Lake 15 MILES Bold Mtn. 15 MILES 3315′ Mount Mansfield 44 MILES 4393′ Stone Mtn. 11 MILES 2753′ Mount Washington35 MILES 6288′ Camels Hump 50 MILES 4085′ Mount Ascutney 80 MILES 3144′ THE GEOLOGY OF DARLING STATE PARK By HARRY W. DODGE, JR. INTRODUCTION Darling State Park, located in northeastern Vermont (see map, “Burke Mountain,” Fig. 1), offers outstanding opportunities to the camper, picnicker, hiker, view-seeker and winter sportsman. On a clear day the top of Burke Mountain offers a most spectacular view of northeastern Vermont and such distant points as Mount Ascutney (located on the Connecticut River, some 80 miles as the crow flies, to the south). Other prominent peaks that may be seen are Camels Hump (50 miles southwest), Mount Mansfield (44 miles west), Jay Peak (39 miles northwest), and Mount Washington (the highest Peak in the New England States and the northeast, which is located in New Hampshire some 47 miles southeast of Burke Mountain). For the traveler, the view from Burke Mountain reveals “where he has been” and where he might “next go.” See Figure 1 for the location of points which can be seen from the overlooks atop Burke Mountain. Both the professional and amateur naturalist will find Darling State Park extremely interesting. This pamphlet is devoted primarily to the 4 5 geology of the park, but the fauna and flora of this area present the visitor with days of interesting studies. It is hoped that in the near future pamphlets describing these aspects of Darling State Park will be published. THE GEOLOGY OF THE PARK Before discussing the more detailed aspects of the geology of Darling State Park, certain basic geologic concepts must be explained. But, even before such a discussion, it might be best to clarify the position of geology among the many other, and oftentimes interrelated, sciences. The basic reason for the science of geology might be said to be twofold; one is economic, the other related to Man’s basic curiosity. In the first, the geologist through the use of his knowledge of the earth’s rocks, locates those indispensable minerals and fuels without which our advanced society and technology could not exist. In the second, the geologist tries to unlock the many mysteries within the earth’s crust merely to satisfy a thirst for knowledge and to pass such knowledge on to his fellow man. These two basic reasons complement each other and allow continued advancements in geology, both as a pure science and as a primary economic aid to the nation. As found in most spheres of present-day scientific endeavor, the geologist relies heavily on other related sciences for insight into problems at hand. A basic knowledge, and oftentimes an advanced knowledge, of physics, chemistry, mathematics and zoology, to name only some, are needed before the geologist can approach many of his own problems. It might be obvious to you by now, but a geologist will be certainly included in the first scientific party to journey to the moon and planets. Within the general science of geology are several branches, to name only a few; paleontology, sedimentology, mineralogy, petrology, stratigraphy, petroleum geology, and structural geology. Each of these branches or specialty-areas contributes basic data for the overall interpretation of the past geologic history of any given geographic area. The historical geologist takes all these clues and attempts to fit the pieces of information together into a picture of past events. The concept of Geologic Time must be understood before the history of Darling State Park can be unraveled. Usually we think of time in terms of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years. The geologist thinks and talks in terms of millions or even billions of years. Time units as short as hundreds of years are impossible to distinguish in the past history of the Earth. When it is realized that the earth is probably 4 to 6 billion (4,000 to 6,000 million) years old, and the record of these years is incomplete, it is easy to understand why the geologist speaks in terms of millions of years instead of years. With modern methods of radioactive dating the geologist hopes for finer time definitions in the future. In short then, the geologist interprets and puts order into millions of years of history which can only be “read” as recorded in the rocks beneath our very feet. Of course, just looking at the rocks does not magically open the book of geologic history. This pamphlet is designed to sharpen your powers of observation and to help you in your interpretation of these observations. Figure 2. Thin-section of granite from Burke Mountain. The main minerals seen in this photograph are feldspar (light gray center right, 6 7 marked with “F”); quartz (whitish, marked with “Q”); biotite (light gray, speckled appearance, marked with “B”). Note the interlocking nature of the minerals which make up this rock. Magnified 15 times, under crossed nicols. THE ROCKS AND THEIR HISTORY The most conspicuous rock found in the park is granite.[1] Along the road which winds to the summit of Burke Mountain you will see several outcrops of the white or pinkish biotite granite (Fig. 4). This granite is well displayed in the summit parking area and along the trail to the observation tower (Figs. 3 and 5). A walk down the Bear Den Ski Trail also shows an abundance of granite outcrops (Figs. 6, 7, and 8). Figure 3. Speckled granite with inclusion of metamorphic rock. Black specks in granite are flakes of black biotite mica. Metamorphic inclusion, located just above the hammer head shows some reaction with the invading granite. Pieces of metamorphic rock were undermined by and dropped into the granite as it worked its way upward into these rocks. Picture taken a few yards west of the tower on top of Burke Mt. While looking at some of the above-mentioned photographs, a second family of rocks is discovered (Figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8; also, Figs. 9, 10, 11, and 16). In many places these rocks have a layered or banded appearance and in other places large lath-like crystals are common in some of the layers. In some areas these rocks are very heterogeneous in appearance and display distorted layers and profuse development of lath-like crystals (Figs. 12 and 13). These rocks belong to the second major family of rocks, the Metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks[2] seen in the park were originally sedimentary[3] rocks. These rocks belong to the Gile Mountain Formation[4] which was deposited during the Devonian Period some 300 million years ago (see Geologic Time Scale[5], Fig. 14). So much for the two major families of rocks present in the park, the igneous and metamorphic rocks, and how to distinguish one from the other. Let us assume that you can now distinguish between the granite and the metamorphic rocks. 8 Figure 4. Outcrop of biotite granite located on the summit road between the second and third turns from the summit of Burke Mountain and on the right side of the road if descending. Note the “sheeting structure” or flat joint surface which slopes or dips into the road. This flat break in the rock was probably caused by the release in pressure of the overlying glacial ice when it melted from this region. Figure 5. East side of parking area, summit of Burke Mountain. Outcrop of granite with many metamorphic rock inclusions (hammer, center of picture, rests on large inclusion). Layering or banding in the inclusions is almost vertical. 9 Figure 6. Outcrop located about midway down the Bear Den Ski Trail. Alternating metamorphic quartzite and phyllite invaded by lighter colored and speckled biotite granite. Note how the granite cross-cuts the layered or banded metamorphic rocks. This cross-cutting points out the fact that the layering or banding was present prior to the invasion of the granite. Figure 7. Outcrop located about midway down the Bear Den Ski Trail. Metamorphic quartzite and phyllite (darker color) and invading biotite granite (light speckled appearance). Here the granite has a more or less conformable relationship to the layers or bands in the metamorphic rock. Compare this relationship with the cross-cutting relationship in Fig. 6. For scale, the handle of the geologic hammer or pick is about 12 inches long. 10 11 Now, what is the relationship of one to the other? That is, where you can see both of these rock types exposed together in one outcrop, can you describe the physical contact of one with the other? For instance, look at Figure 6, which was taken about midway down the Bear Den Trail, here you see the granite (the white speckled igneous rock which cuts horizontally across the picture) cutting across the distinctly layered or banded metamorphic rocks. The granite is said to have a cross-cutting relationship to the metamorphic rocks. In some outcrops the granite is more or less parallel to the layers of metamorphic rock (Fig. 7). Here, the granite is said to have a conformable relationship with the metamorphic rocks. Still another relationship between the granite and the metamorphic rock is seen in Figure 8. Here, blocks of metamorphic rocks are inclosed by granite. These inclosed blocks are called inclusions and are pieces of invaded rock which fell into or were encircled by the invading granite. Figure 8. Inclusion of layered or banded metamorphic rock (hammer is resting on this inclusion) in lighter colored biotite granite as seen along the Bear Den Ski Trail. The metamorphic rocks were invaded and undermined by the granitic rocks, with the result that pieces of the metamorphic rock were surrounded by granite. For scale, the handle of the geologic hammer or pick is about 12 inches long. Figure 9. Picture taken along the Burke Mountain summit road of typical Gile Mountain metamorphic rock. Here the rocks dip almost vertically. For those more advanced in geology, note the pillow-like segments or boudinage structure about one foot to the left of the chisel point of the hammer. This structure is due to a stretching of the rock. For scale, the hammer handle is about 12 inches long. 12 Figure 10. Banded or layered metamorphic rocks with inter-squeezed granite (lighter colored material). This outcrop is located on east side of the Bear Den Ski Trail and quite close to the Burke Mountain summit road. The hammer handle, center of picture, is about one foot long. 13 Figure 11. Picture taken only a few yards from the Burke Mountain observation tower, along the path to the summit parking lot, looking northwest. Here you see metamorphic rocks (quartzite and phyllite) with some inter-squeezed granite. Note how the nearly vertical metamorphic rock layers bend or “wrap-around” to the right. The highly resistant inter-squeezed granite actually holds Burke Mountain up, or to be more scientific, it prevents these rocks from being worn down as fast as the surrounding rocks. For scale, see the clip board in the center of the picture. From these relationships, what can be said about the relative ages of the two rock types? Which is the older, or first formed? Which is the last formed? If you study the above relationships for a minute or so, it will become obvious that the layered rock had to be formed prior to the emplacement of the granite. Some of the minerals now seen in the layered or banded metamorphic rocks were formed at the time of granite intrusion, but the basic “stuff” or partially metamorphosed sedimentary rock was present before the granite entered the area from beneath. So, the knowledge of the two rock types present and an understanding of their relationship to one another tells us a story of at least two events which occurred in the park area hundreds of millions of years ago. 14 Figure 12. Outcrop on south Lookout, summit of Burke Mountain. Distorted layers of Gile Mountain metamorphic rock. Lath-like crystals developed along some of these layers during the second period of metamorphism, that is, when the granite invaded the metamorphic rocks. For scale, the hammer handle is about one foot long. Can we find other facts in these rocks which might add to the above-mentioned events? The answer to this question is, yes! The types of minerals found in the metamorphic rocks coupled with the inherited layered structure so common in these rocks, tells us that they were once sedimentary rocks. There is other evidence which indicates that these sedimentary rocks were slightly metamorphosed and folded prior to the invasion of the granite. Added information indicates that these same rocks were subjected to increasing temperatures with the invasion of the granite and another metamorphic mineral change took place. Thus far, the rocks have told us about four distinct events; the deposition and hardening of the Gile Mountain Formation of sedimentary rocks, the first period of wide-spread metamorphism, accompanied by broad folding, the invasion of the granite, and a second phase of metamorphism with the increased temperatures produced by this invasion (see cross-sections illustrating the geologic history of the park area, Fig. 17). 15 Figure 13. Photograph of the outcrop beneath the observation tower, summit of Burke Mountain. Note the heterogeneous appearance of the granite-infiltrated metamorphic rock. Here the metamorphic rock approaches granite itself in composition and if the process had progressed a bit more, it would be said to be granitized rock. Large lath-like crystals are very prominent in the rocks of this outcrop. The four events which are mentioned in the preceding paragraph took place hundreds of millions of years ago. What has happened in the park since these events? Take a look at Figure 15, which was taken along the road to the summit of Burke Mountain (coming down from the summit, this outcrop is located on your right, midway between the second and third turns in the road). Here the granite exhibits linear scratches or striations which trend about 40 degrees east of south (general direction in which the hammer handle points). Again, just down the road from the midway picnic and camping area, and on your right, striations can be seen. Here they trend about 45 degrees east of south or approximately in the same direction as the first series of striations mentioned. These scratches or striations occur in many places throughout the park, and in most cases their orientation is about the same. What caused these numerous striations? Figure 14. Geologic Time Scale. The main Darling State Park geologic events are noted on the right, opposite the approximate geologic time when each occurred. ERAS PERIODS—YEARS AGO DARLING STATE PARK EVENTS EPOCHS CENOZOIC CENOZOIC GLACIAL STRIATIONS—“SHEETING STRUCTURE” Pleistocene Pliocene EROSION, JOINTING Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene 70 MILLION MESOZOIC CRETACEOUS JURASSIC TRIASSIC 200 MILLION PALEOZOIC PERMIAN PENNSYLVANIAN MISSISSIPPIAN EROSION, JOINTING 16 Invasion of Granite with second stage of metamorphism. DEVONIAN Regional folding and first episode of metamorphism. SILURIAN Deposition of the Gile Mountain Formation. 360 MILLION NO RECORD IN PARK ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN 550 MILLION PRECAMBRIAN TIME——ORIGIN OF EARTH, 4 TO 5 BILLION YEARS AGO. Figure 15. Glacial striations or scratches on outcrop midway between the second and third turns in the road down from the summit area of Burke Mountain. Striations trend about 40 degrees east of south or in approximately the same direction that the hammer handle is pointing. Hammer handle is about one foot long. Figure 16. Midway between the second and third turns, descending on the Burke Mountain summit road. Metamorphic quartzite and phyllite showing at least two prominent joints. Layers are vertical and parallel to the front joint (one which hammer handle touches). For the more advanced student of geology, note the lineations parallel to the hammer handle and on the front surface. For scale, hammer