PLEASE NOTE: This paper contains typographica and other errors that were not corrected after the proof stage, for which we apologise. Readers are directed to the following web page for free download of the corrected PDF version at www.qm.qld.gov.au/About+Us/PubHcations/Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum/MQM+Vol-56 The genus Terepsalta Moulds(Cicadidae: Cicadettiniae: Cicadettini) in Queensland, including the description of a new species" The genus Terepsalta Moulds (Insecta: Cicadidae: Cicadettiniae: Cicadettini) in Queensland, including the description of a new species Anthony EWART Entomology Section, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane 4101. Email: [email protected] Citation: Ewart, A., 2013 06 30. The genus Terepsalta Moulds (Insecta: Cicadidae: Cicadettiniae: Cicadettinini) in Queensland, including the description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 56(2): 333-354. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Accepted: 21 December 2012. ABSTRACT The new genus Terepsalta Moulds, 2012, has recently been described with type species Cicada infans Walker. The original types now representing this species are Cicada infans Walker 1850 and C. abbreviata Walker 1862, the latter a later synonym with C. infans, both held in the British Museum of Natural History, and labelled as collected from Adelaide. No further specimens are known from South Australia. Cicadas collected from semi-arid grasslands of southern-central and southwestern Queensland, however, correspond closely to the types and are here identified as T. infans. A new species, 7*. leichhardti, is described from Mt Isa, north-western Queensland. The calling songs of both species are documented. (cid:9633) Cicadas, calling songs, song structures, song analyses, Queensland, taxonomy, semi-arid grasslands. This work results from the ongoing systematic Abbreviations. Institutions and collections. collection of cicadas throughout Queensland. ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, Such surveys continue to uncover previously Canberra; AE, private collection of A. Ewart, undescribed species, especially smaller species, Caloundra; BMNH, the Natural History Museum, London; LWP, private collection of occurring in a wide range of woodland, heath L.W. Popple, Brisbane; MSM, private collection and grassland habitats (e.g. Ewart & Marques, of M.S. Moulds, Kuranda; QM, Queensland 2008). An important adjunct of the collection Museum, Brisbane. Collectors and general. NP, of specimens is the aural recording of their National Park; EP, Environmental Park; Rd, Road; songs, which are valuable taxonomic tools (e.g. H.S., Hstd., Homestead (agricultural property); Young, 1972; Simmons & Young, 1978; Ewart, Hwy., highway; Rec, recorded (= aural/electronic 1988,1989,1998,2005; Simaes et al., 2000; Ewart song recording); sp, species; spec, specimen; AE, & Popple, 2001; Sueur, 2002; Popple & Strange, A. Ewart; I.R., I. Rattray; J.N., Jack Nowland; 2002; Popple, 2003; Sueur & Aubin, 2004; Pinto- SWQ, south-western Queensland; NWQ, north¬ Juma et al., 2005; Quartau & Simaes, 2006; Seabra western Queensland; PS refer to Queensland et al., 2006). In fact, in the field, calling songs Museum photographic numbers. provide an efficient means for identifying known species, and for recognising new species and MATERIALS AND METHODS species complexes. Anatomical terminology follows Moulds In this paper, I redescribe Terepsalta infans and (2005, 2012) for general body shape and wing describe a new species belonging to this genus, characters, Dugdale (1972) and Moulds (2005, including documenting their calling songs. 2012) for genitalia; de Boer (1999) for opercula. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) • www.qm.qld.gov.au 333 Ewart indicate frequency responses to 24 kHz. and Simmons and Young (1978), Dugdale (1972) Processing of recordings was undertaken and Bennet-Clark (1997) for timbals. The timbal long ribs are referred to sequentially as ribs with Avisoft SAS LabPro software. Amplitude numbered 1 to 5, with rib 1 being the most spectra were produced using a 556-point Fast distal (adjacent to timbal plate). The higher Fourier Transform with Hamming window. As classification adopted in this paper follows the amplitude spectra of the Terepsalta species Moulds (2012). exhibit broad band frequencies, a " dominant frequency" parameter is used, this being the Measurements (in mm) are given as ranges mean (or inferred mean) frequency of the and means (in parentheses) and include the total amplitude dominant frequency envelope largest and smallest specimens available. as seen in the amplitude and power spectra. Head width is across the outer margins of the The extents of this envelope are shown in the compound eyes; pronotum width across the lateral margins (excluding ampliated lateral amplitude spectra presented. angles); abdomen width across the outer edges Terepsalta Moulds, 2012 of the auditory capsules. Abbreviations used are: BL, total body length; FWL and FWB, Type species: Terepsalta infans (Walker, 1850) forewing length and maximum breadth; HW, head width; PW, pronotum width; AW, abdomen Included species, infans (Walker, 1850), comb.n. width; FWL/BR, forewing length/breadth ratio. Moulds, 2012: leichhardti sp. nov. Diagnosis (slightly modified after Moulds, Song Recordings and Analyses. Details of 2012). Small cicadas, total body lengths <13 aspects of the methods used for acoustic song mm. Head width, including compound eyes recordings, and the accompanying analyses slightly wider than thorax, but not as wide are outlined in Ewart & Marques (2008). Field as abdomen across auditory capsules; supra- recordings are generally preferred for detailed analyses of the finer scale syllable structures of the antennal plate meeting eye; compound eyes songs and for frequency analyses using amplitude separated from pronotum along outer ventral and power spectra. In the case of the Terepsaltas, margin; distance between lateral ocelli slightly their very small size, the low amplitude and less than between lateral ocelli and eyes; relatively high frequency of their songs necessi¬ rostrum clearly reaching mid coxae but not tates that the recording microphone be placed beyond. Postclypeus rounded transversely close to the singing insects, ideally within 1 to 2 m across ventral midline, also as seen in (thus parabolas should not be used). One option anterior and dorsal view; lateral margins of used was to use open net cages placed in the field pronotum in dorsal view approximately locations of the cicadas. Container recordings, parallel sided; pronotal collar width less in contrast, allow very low-background noise than diameter of eyes; paranota confluent with recordings illustrating subtleties within their adjoining pronotal sclerites; no mid lateral temporal characteristics, but commonly distort the tooth; cruciform elevation wider than longer; finer pulse structures of the songs. Recordings of metanotum clearly visible at dorsal midline. T. infans were made with a Marantz PMD660 Solid Abdomen broadly cylindrical between tergites State recorder, and for the new species a Sony 1 to 5, tapering posteriorly on tergite 6, more Walkman cassette recorder WM-D6C (with upper frequency response limited to 18 kHz), both strongly tapered on tergites 7 and 8; widest in conjunction with a Sennheiser model K6/ part of abdomen across auditory capsules; epip- ME66 microphone. For the Marantz PMD660, leurites not reflexed to ventral surface; tergite recordings were made in PCM mode at 1 narrowed across dorsal midline; tergite 2 sampling rate of 48 kHz. Although manufacture usually wider than tergite 3 along dorsal midline; specifications indicate frequency responses of stemites III to VII in cross-section weakly convex microphone and recorder to 20.0 kHz (-3.0dB) at laterally, often somewhat flattened ventrally, not 44.1 kHz sampling rate, bat detector comparisons unusually swollen. 334 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) Terepsalta Moulds Fore wings hyaline, relatively short and bases; 2 to 3 small inter-rib sclerites; timbal broad (length/breadth ratios 2.3-2.6), similar covers absent. in length to body; 8 apical cells; no subapical Male genitalia; pygofer in ventral view sub- cells; ulnar cell 3 angled to radial cell; basal cell ovoid to ovoid in shape; distal portion of upper long and narrow; costal veins translucent and pygofer lobes not widest point; pygofer with slightly higher than the R+Sc; costa parallel¬ distal shoulders not developed; upper lobes flat, sided to node, uncurved to gently curved moderately developed, set well away from dorsal (male); vein CuA weakly bowed so that the beak, moderately acutely terminated distally; cubital cell of similar width to medial cell; basal lobes undivided, moderately developed, veins M and CuA not touching or fused at basal broadly rounded in lateral view, abutted against cell; vein RA1 not closely aligned with Sc, but pygofer margin, slightly indented at distal term¬ vein RA is aligned with Sc; vein CuAj divided inations; dorsal beak present, relatively sharp by cross vein m-cu such that the proximal apex, part of chitinized pygofer; uncas relatively portion may be shorter or nearly equal to distal small, flattened, more or less duck-billed segment; veins CuP and 1A fused in part- shape; claspers well developed, dominant, distance between cross veins r and r-m similar restraining aedeagus, slightly flattened, outer to distance between r-m and m; apical cells 3-6 face with an overhanging lip along margin, approximately equal to ulnar cells (some longer, unfused, lacking an inward facing swelling on some shorter); radial cell clearly shorter than proximal half of inner margins and diverging distance from its apex to wing tip; 3 distal vein gently towards distal ends, their apices not sections of M that form inner margin of radial widely separated; aedeagus with basal plate cell are of unequal length; basal cell slightly in lateral view undulated, weakly depressed translucent, hyaline; infuscation absent; wing on dorsal midline, in dorsal view as long or outer margin developed for its whole length, longer than broad, apically broadened with never reduced to be contiguous with ambient 'ears'; basal portion directed forwards away vein. Hind wings hyaline; most commonly from thecal shaft; junction with theca and basal with 5, but varying from 3 to 6 apical cells; no plate with a functional 'hinge' that posses a infuscation; width of 1st cubital cell at distal end chitinous back; thecal shaft relatively straight; about twice that of 2nd cubital cell; anal lobe pseudoparameres present, dorsal of theca and moderately broad with 3A vein curved, long originating distal of thecal base, unfused and separated from wing margin; veins RP and throughout their length, in dorsal view slightly M fused basally. Fore legs with 3 erect spines. undulated and diverging apically, in lateral view Male operculae reaching margin of tympanal aligned with thecal shaft; endotheca exposed, cavity, directed towards disto-medial margin of soft, entirely fleshy; endothecal ventral support tympanal cavity; broadly rounded along distal present, shorter than pseudoparameres; thecal and lateral margins, more linear along medial apex chitinized. margin; gently domed across dist-medial area; operculae not meeting medially; clearly raised Terepsalta infans (Walker, 1850 above tympanal cavity along its outer margin; (Figs 1-5, 8, Plates 1A-D, 2A-B, Table 1) developed asymmetrically around meracanthae, Cicada infans Walker, 1850: 201 (nec Walker 1862:304) these located towards midline; meracantha spikes Tibicen infans (Walker): Stal, 1862: 485 well developed, just overlapping operculae. Cicada abbreviata Walker 1862: 303-304 Timbals with 5 long ribs, rib 5 shortest, rib 4 not Melampsalta abbreviata (Walker): Coding and Froggatt, 1904: 649-650 continuous medially, ribs 1 to 3 fused ventrally, Quintilia infans (Walker): Distant, 1906:144 (nec Froggatt, and also dorsally with basal spur; basal dome 1907:352) on timbal plate elongated, relatively prominent; Terepsalta infans (Walker): Moulds, 2012: 216-219 anterior part of timbal plate mostly occupied by Distant (1906) synonymised C. infans (type ribs; posterior margin of timbal cavity ridged is a female held in BMNH) and C. abbreviata on lower half; timbals not extended below wing (Walker), type is a male also held in the BMNH. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) 335 Ewart SWQ, Mitchell grassland, A.E., 19.ii.2009, 24°06.46'S Moulds (2012) has accepted this synonymy, and 143°18 ll'E (AE). 1$, 7.7 km N. Milroy Hstd, -70 km this is followed here. Plate 1 illustrates these N Quilpie, SWQ, grass, A.E., I.R., 9.i.2000; 25°59.98'S two type specimens. As documented in Moulds 144°24.37'E (LWP). 16, (molecular voucher 09.AU. (2012), both the type specimen locations are OL VER 01) Vergemont R. channels, Noonbah Stn, 24° labelled as 'Adelaide'. No further specimens 05 327'S 143° 08 773'E, 301.2009, K. Hill, D. Marshall, A Emmott; 16,1?, (tenerail Noonbah Stn, Vergemont R. of this species are known from Adelaide, or channels, 24° 5.327S 143° 8.773 E,14.i 2002 Cooley, indeed from South Australia. Hill, Cowan, Marshall, Moulds; 26, 2$, Noonbah Stn 24° 07'S 143° ll'E, 171.2002, A.J. Emmott & R. Collecting in central and south-western Ballard (MSM). 13, 7.7 km N. Milroy Hstd, -70 km Queensland has, however, revealed the presence N Quilpie, SWQ, grass, A.E., I.R., 91.2000; 25°59.98'S at multiple locations of small dark grass cicadas 144°24.37,E; 1?, ~8.2 km E Longreach, C.Q., grass, which very closely match the characters of the A E., 16.L2002, 23°26.67'S 144°19.19'E (QML 1$, 7.7 types of T. infans and are here specifically km N. Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpie, SWQ, grass, identified as T. infans. The following descrip¬ tions are based on representative specimens Description. (Male). Fig. Plates 1C, D, 2A, B. from central and south-western Queensland, Specimens exhibit continuous variability in the together with analyses of their calling songs. extent and intensity of the darker pigmentation Until such time when further specimens of of especially the thorax and abdomen. The darker T. infans are captured in South Australia, and forms are more prevalent, but in the following their calling songs documented, there could descriptions, note is made of the deviations of remain some doubt about the true identity of pigmentation in the paler specimens. this species, but the overall similarities with Head. Supra-antennal plate, vertex and frons the type specimens are noteworthy. Neverthe¬ less, comparison of Plates 1,2 and 4 indicates that generally shiny black, small pale brown patches the type specimens have more extensive darker adjacent to pedicels; mandibular plate and gena pigmentation of the tergites than the Queensland shiny black to deep brown, covered by silvery- specimens. The semi-arid grassland habitats in yellow pubescence; sandy brown along the which the Queensland specimens occur suggests depressed epicranial suture, extending between that the types may actually have come from the lateral ocelli, and joining with the pronotal dryer grassland areas north or northeast of central fascia; ocelli pale red; compound eyes Adelaide, rather than Adelaide City. dark brown. Postclypeus shiny black to deep brown medially and dorsally, extending out¬ Material. Queensland: 14<?, 35 km W. Barcaldine, C.Q., wards along tranverse ridges into the pale grass, A.E., 15.L2002, 23°31.94'S 144°56.51'E; 10c?, 2$, brown outer margins; diffuse dorso-medial pale ~8.2 km E Longreach, C.Q.,grass, A.E., 16.i.2002, 23°26.67'S 144°19.19'E; 1$, "Big Hole", Vergemont brown spot; anteclypeus deep brown, paler Cks, Tonkoro Rd,W. of'Noonbah H.S., SWQ, A.E., towards rostrum; rostrum brown, darker apically. 301.2009, 24°05'14.8"S 143°07'45.2"E; 2$, 3$, Dam, Milroy Hst, -70 km N. Quilpie, SWQ, grass, A.E., I.R., Thorax. Pronotum in most specimens predom¬ J.N., 131.2000; 26°02.85'S 144°20.81/E; 2$, 6.7 km E. inantly deep brown to black, paler brown Longreach airport, along Hwy, C.Q., grassland, A.E. along and adjacent to paramedian fissures; 101.2008, flood plain, 23*26.73'S 144°20.18'E; 1$, 2?, Buffel grass, Blackall, C.Q., early.ii.1979, after rains, central fascia narrow, pale brown, not quite Qld. Dept, of Primary Industries; 10$, 7.7 km N. reaching pronotal collar, with black margins Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpie, SWQ, grass, A.E., widening along the anterior and posterior I.R., 91.2000; 25°59.98'S 144°24.37'E; 1$, 10 km ESE pronotal margins; pronotal collar mostly black, Blackall, W.Q., grassland, 25.ii.2007, A.E., 24°27.56'S 145°33.27'E; lo, 51 km NNW Blackall, C.Q., grass, lateral margin ampliate; in paler specimens, A.E., 151.2002, 24°04.27'S 145°19.94'E; 1$, 42 km pronotum has extensive but broken black NNW Blackall, SWQ, grass, A.E., 151.2002, 24°08.38'S colouration between paramedian and lateral 145°20.72,E; 2$, 23 km NW Longreach, CQ., grass, A.E., fissures, extending to pronotal collar, the 171.2002,23CT4.54/S 144°06.39/E; 2$, Bulloo R. crossing, remainder brown, central fascia off-white to Milroy/Bulls Gully Hstds., -70 km N. Quilpie, SWQ, A.E., I.R., 91.2000, 25°59.38'S 144°25.79'E;1$, 11.7 pale brown with more prominent narrow black km E. Noonbah H.S., Tonkoro Rd, Lochern N.P., margins widening along anterior and posterior 336 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) Terepsalta Moulds TABLE 1. Summary of song parameters of calling song of Terepsalta infans. Location within phrase Vergemont channels Noon bah, 135 6.7 km E. Longreach, km SW Longreach, S.W. Q.(l) central Queensland(2) 1. Phrase lengths (seconds)(3) 13.9±4.0 [7.1-25.0] n=28 14.612.8 [10.9-20.8] n=8 2. Initial echeme element Durations of closed macrosyllables 222±59 [114-339] n=46 171140 [81-314] n=33 Mean (ms) (4.5Hz) (8.8-3.0Hz) (5.8Hz) (12.3-3.2Hz) First 3 sets (ms) 150±29 [114-205] n=15 136128 [81-154] n=6 Final 3 sets (ms) 275±36 [205-337] n=15 232149 [193-314] n=6 3. Repetition Rates of ticks within closed macrosyllables Mean (ms) 9.4±1.1 [8.0-13.9] n=98 10.111.7 [8.4-13.7] n=53 (106Hz) (125-72Hz) (99Hz) (119-73Hz) First 2 ticks 11.5±1.3 [9.3-13.9] n=10 13.412.4 [9.9-17.5] n=6 (87Hz) (108-72Hz) (74Hz) (101-57Hz) 8.6±0.4 [8.0-9.1] n=25 8.710.3 [8.4-9.1) n=15 Final 5 ticks (116Hz) (116-110Hz) (115Hz) (119-llOHz) Primary-secondary pulse 2.79±0.13 [2.6-3.0] n=62 3.4910.29 [3.1-3.9] n=39 durations within ticks (ms) (358Hz) (385-333Hz) (358Hz) (323-256Hz) 4. Open macrosyllables - tick repetition rates Mean (ms) 37.8±6.2 [20-51] n=53 47.918.6 [23-75] n=47 (26Hz) (50-20Hz) (21 Hz) (43-13Hz) Primary-secondary pulse 2.7710.17 [2.5-3.1] n=41 3.3210.10 [3.1-3.5] n=21 durations within ticks (ms) (361 Hz) (400-323Hz) (301 Hz) (323-286Hz) 5. Post-echeme microsyllable element Number of microsyllables 23.218.1 [9-42] n=30 26.014.4 [16-32] n=9 Microsyllable repetition 323124 [298-382] n=34 267119 [246-315] n=28 rates (ms) (3.1Hz) (3.4-2.6HZ) (3.7Hz) (4.1-3.2Hz) Tick repetition rates within 13613 [129-140] n=29 12613 [119-131] n=26 microsyllables (Hz) (7.4ms) (7.8-7.4ms) (7.9ms) (8.4-7.6ms) Number of ticks per 3-5 4-5 microsyllable 2.8710.12 [2.6-3.1] n=54 3.7410.15 [3.3-4.0] n=34 Primary-secondary pulse (348Hz) (385-323Hz) (267Hz) (303-250Hz) durations within ticks (ms) (1) Recorded in open net, in the field with microphone, 30.i.2009, 24°05.25'S, 143°07.75,E, Mitchell grassland. (2) In situ field recording with microphone, 10.i.2008, 23°26.73'S, 144°20.18'E, Mitchell grassland. (3) Figures represent: Mean; ± Is; range (in square brackets); n=number of measurements; and equivalent Hz (or ms) in pa. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) 337 Ewart TABLE 2. Summary of song parameters of calling song of Terepsalta leichhardti (1) l Location in phrase Mean a n Range 1. Phrase lengths (seconds) 15.5 6.5 12 3.5-25.5 ! 2. Echeme A. Initial microsyllables | Number of ticks per microsyllable 5.3 1.6 39 2-8 I Primary-secondary pulse 3.96 0.40 60 3.0-4.4 duration within ticks (ms) j Tick repetition rate within 120 4 32 112-129 | each microsyllable (Hz) (8.3ms) (2) (8.9-7.8ms) B. Macrosyllable ticking phase 1 Number of ticks 31 7 10 17-40 Tick repetition rates (ms) 41.1 4.1 88 32.2-53.6 (24H z) (31-19Hz) Primary-secondary pulse durations 3.22 0.14 68 2.9-3.7 (ms) (311 Hz) (345-270Hz) 3. Post-echeme microsyllable phase Number of microsyllabales 44 19 12 14-76 1 Number of ticks per microsyllable 3.3 0.6 207 2-5 Microsyllable repetition 323 71 140 149-436 rates (all data) (ms) (3.1Hz) (6.7-2.3Hz) Microsyllable repetition rates - 262 149-346 49 60 First 20 microsyllables (ms) (3.8Hz) (6.7-2.9Hz) Microsyllable repetition rates - 361 279-436 42 60 Final 20 microsyllables (ms) (2.8Hz) (3.6-2.3Hz) Tick repetition rates within each 129 114-135 6 52 microsyllable (Hz) (7.8ms) (8.9-7.4ms) Primary-secondary pulse 3.59 34 119 3.0-4.1 durations within ticks (ms) (278Hz) (333-244Hz) reCOrdin8S' from 2.2 km south of Mt Isa town, NW Queensland, 22.1.2002,20°44.62'S, (2) Figures in parentheses are equivalent values in Hz or ms, as appropriate. pronotal margins. Mesonotum predominantly the intervening colouration varying from pale dark brown to black, often obscuring the out¬ yellow to brown. lines of the sigilla; parapsidal sutures pale Wings. Fore wing costal vein very pale brown brown extending distally as thin, diffuse brown tending to translucent; remaining venation lines along inner margins of lateral sigilla; colour medium brown proximally, becoming lateral sigilla extend to just beyond anterior paler brown apically; basal membrane tran¬ cruciform elevation arms; cruciform elevation slucent pale grey-brown. Hind wing mostly translucent pale brown, dark brown to black very pale brown, darker proximal to meso¬ between anterior and lateral arms; pale brown notum; weakly developed off-white plaga along and between wing grooves; in paler around anal cell 3 and adjacent to veins 3A specimens, the sigilla are more clearly defined, and 2A; 5 apical cells most common, but a few 338 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) Terepsalta Moulds FIG.l. Terepsalta infans. 7.7 km N. Milroy H.S., ~ 80 km N. of Quilpie, SW Queensland. (A), lateral abdomen view; (B), fore and hind wings; (C), timbal (posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top); (D), right operculum; (E) and (F), pygofer and male genitalia, lateral and ventral views, respectively. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (3 mm). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) 339 Ewart 340 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) Terepsalta Moulds FIG. 3. Terepsalta leichhardti sp.nov., 2.2 km S. of Mt Isa and 6 km NE Mt Isa. (A), lateral abdomen view; (B), fore and hind wings; (C), timbal (posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top); (D), right operculum; (E) and (F), pygofer and male genitalia, lateral and ventral views, respectively. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (3 mm). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2) 341 Ewart (A) 51 km NNW Blackall - single phrase Alternating open and closed macrosyllables (echeme) Post-echeme microsyllable sequences -10— 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 11f6 t s 18 (B) ‘Noonbah H.S., Vergemont Cks., approximately 135 km WSVV Longreach 700 I F.chpmp Single phrase Opcn Closed Post-echeme macrosyllable macrosyllable microsyllable mV . i 1 if -700 —(cid:9632)_ See Fig. 5A See Fig. SB, C l23456789 10 11 (C) Approximately 80 km N. Quilpie - single phrase 300 — mV r -300 — 10 FIG. 4. Terepsalta infans. Waveform plots of calling songs showing the gross temporal structures of the phrases, specifically the echeme and post-echeme microsyllable elements. (A), 51 km NNW of Blackall, Central Queensland conta.ner recording, 15.i.2002, filtered to 14 kHz. (B), 'Noonbah' H.S., Vergemont Creeks, approximately 135 km WSVV o Longreach, SW Queensland, field recording in open cage, 30 i.2009, filtered to 14 kHz. (C), 80 km N. of Quilpie, SW Queensland, container recording, 91.2000, filtered to 1 kHz. 342 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Nature • 2013 • 56(2)