THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002 50(2): 287-299 @ National University of Singapore THE GENUS CYCLOPORUS( PLATYHELMINTHES: POL YCLADillA) FROM AUSTRALASIAN WATERS Leslie J. Newman School of Environmental Sciencea nd Management,S outhern Cross University,P O Box 157, Lismore,N SW. Australia Email: [email protected] Lester R.G. Cannon Worms Section,Q ueenslandM useum,P O Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia 4101 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. -Eight new species belonging to the genus Cycloporus (Platyhelminthes. Polycladida, Euryleptidae) are described from Australasian waters including eastern and western Australia and Papua New Guinea. The widely distributed species, Cycloporus variegatus is also redescribed and photographed for the first time. This study significantly increases the number of known Cycloporus species from 6 to 14 worldwide. Species are diagnosed primarily on their colour patterns and arrangement of their eyes. KEY WORDS. -Cycloporus, Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION 55' E), One Tree Island (230 30' S, 15200 5' E), southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR); Lizard Island (1404 0' S, 1450 Of all the polyclad flatworms, the pseudocerotids 28' S), northernG BR; StradbrokeI sland (270 27' S, 1530 (PlatyhelminthesP, olycladida) are thought to be the most 25' E) and Mooloolabah (260 48' S, 15300 8' E, southeast conspicuousa nd diverset hroughoutt ropical and subtropical QueenslandF; reemantle( 3200 8' S, 11504 4' E) and Coral waters( Newman & Cannon, 1994a,b , 1995a,1 997,1 998; Bay (230 9' S, 113046' E), westernA ustralia; and north Newman& Anderson, 1997; Newman et al., 1994). Madang (5014' S, 145045' E), PapuaN ew Guinea( PNG). Recenst tudiesh ave shownt hat the little known euryleptids Worms werep hotographedin situ,f ixed on frozenp olyclad area lso diversea nd colourful in warm seas.H owever, they fixative (seeN ewman & Cannon, 1995b)a nd preservedi n may be often confused with the pseudocerotids and, 70% ethanol for histological preparations.W hole mounts thereforeo, verlooked (Newman& Cannon,2 000; Newman were stainedw ith Mayer's haemalumd, ehydratedi n graded et al., 2000). alcoholsa nd thenm ountedi n Canadab alsam.L ongitudinal .serial sectionso f the reproductiver egionw ereo btainedf rom Accord..m.spge toC FImauebnes l (1984) and Prudhoe (1985) there are . emb ed ded .m ParapI ast (56 C),sech.oned at 5- 0 only SIX known specIes of Cycloporus known worldwIde .. (T bl 1) E. h . d .b d h f 7 ~m, and then stained with haematoxylIn and eOSIn. a e .Ig t new specIesa re escn e ere rom eastern andw esternA ustralianw atersa nd from Madang,e astP apua ... N G . C I . t K t 1934 . I Measurements of the body were taken from lIve ammals m ew umea. yc oporus varzega us a 0, IS a so .. redescribedT. he genus Cycloporusi s discusseda, s well as, a relaxed state and are gIven as length mm x wIdth mm. taxonomicc haractersu sed to describe new species. Measurementso f the reproductiveo rgansa re takenf rom the paratypes. Reconstructiono f the reproductive system is diagrammatica nd derived from the sectionsw ith minimal MATERIAL AND METHODS interpretation.D rawingsw erem adew ith the aid of a camera lucida. This materiali s lodged at the QueenslandM useum Animals were collected by hand from the reef cresta nd on (QM) as wholemounts( WM), serial sections( LS) and wet scubaf rom the reef slope from HeronI sland (2302 7' S, 1510 specimens( S). 287 I Newman & Cannon: Cycloporus from Australasian waters TAXONOMY present. Dorsal and ventral tentacular surfaces with scattered eyespots. Branched intestines with four to ten pair of lateral FAMILY EURYLEPTIDAE branches, branches continuous with small round peripheral vesicles at the margin that open to the exterior through minute Cycloporus Lang, 1884 pores. Male copulatory apparatus with antero-dorsally (Fig. 1) orientated prostate,u nbranched vas deferens and armed penis (Fig. IB). Female apparatus with multiple uterine vesicles CycloporusL ang, 1884:4 31,5 69 pl. VII: type speciesC ycloporus and extensive cement glands when mature. papillosus (M. Sars in Jensen, 1878) Faubel, 1984: 222; Prudhoe,1 985: 136-138,157-158G. ender: masculine. Remarks. -Members of the genus Cycloporus may be easily confused with pseudocerotids, especially the genus Diagnosis. -Emended from Faubel (1984) and Prudhoe Pseudoceros since they are similarly shaped and coloured. (1985). Euryleptidae with elongate to round oval body with However, with closer examination, Cycloporus may be easily smooth or knobbed dorsal surface, variably coloured and distinguished from Pseudoceros by the following features patterned (Fig. lA). Marginal tentacles small bumps or short (Fig. lA): and pointed. Two elongate cerebral eyesp ots or clusters A tentaculare yes cerebrale yes pharynx malep ore seminalv esicle femalep ore peripheragl lands sucker vas deferens laterali ntestinal cemetglands branches maini ntestine B "" "" ' ' , .'."'. ..., , ,...,.' "" ..,. ' \~~~tf;:,£!""'7.,,, '.-".,,',j~~~~~"" ,~ ' ~'~~"h"H'\~'-''$ .~ o_""-;-~""f!';; .~~ ~ .~ s tyIe t vas deferens cementg lands vagina uter.i,nev esicles prostate seminalv esicle intestine Fig. 1. A. Diagram of Cycloporus,v entral view showing details of the digestive and reproductives ystems;B . Diagram of reproductive systemsf rom longitudinal section. 288 THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002 ' .distinct small, anterior, tubular pharynx (not ruffled) Table 2). Margin clear yellow-brown. Ventrally yellow- .comparatively small size -usually less than 20 mm brown. (compared to an average size of 20 mm) .transparent margin with yellow or white peripheral glands Diagnosis. -Papillate, yellow-brown with white transverse (absent in all pseudocerotids) streaks. .presence of tentacular bumps (rather than pseudotentacles formed from upfoldings of the anterior margin) Etymology. -Named from the Latin albus = white andfascia .two elongate eye clusters with numerous eyes (rather than = stripe, for its distinct pattern of white transverse streaks. one cluster with relatively few eyes arranged in a horseshoe shaped cluster) Remarks. -Two other species possess dorsal papillae, C. .extensive branching oviducts in mature animals (oviducts papillosus Lang, 1884 and C. xanthopunctatus, new species are restricted laterally along the intestine). (Tables 1, 2). This current species has white transverse streaks across the papillae and only about 30 cerebral eyes The internal reproductive anatomy in Cycloporus is per side (not varying coloured papillae and numerous remarkably similar to that of the pseudocerotids. The only cerebral eyes as in C. papillosus). This species also differs difference that can be noted from the details of the male from C. xanothopuncatus, new species, since it has white anatomy is that the seminal vesicle is significantly larger transverse streaks (not median yellow spots). than the prostate and the penis stylet is relatively small and wide (Fig. lB). However, due to the plastic nature of these Habitat & distribution. -Found inside a transparent colonial animals, comparisons by direct measurements are not ascidian. Rare from N Madang, PNG. reliable. Furthermore, details of the reproductive structures have not, to date, been used to differentiate species of Cycloporus.Newman&Cannon(1994a, 1995a, 1997, 1998, 2000) concluded that species determination within a genus (pseudocerotids and eury leptids) could rely on colour pattern alone. Litviatis & Newman (2001), from molecular studies, A .:,.:. confirmed the use of colour patterns to distinguish species :;;:~:!(:::... .'." of pseudocerotids. ",:, L..., '\ ~ '. !~(..' .'.,.f ~ ..'. The following six species may be reliably placed in :..:.::.:~' .-' . Cycloporus sensu strictu based on the morphology of the :" "- pharynx, eye arrangement, shape of the tentacles, presence .:;:::';.: :~':":.. ~ of marginal peripheral vesicles and presence of four to ten ,", !. .; pairs of lateral intestinal branches; C. australis Prudhoe, (\) (.::.. ': 1982; C. gabrielle Marcus, 1950; C. maculatus Hallez, 1893; .~ : C. misakiensis Kato, 1934; (syn. C.japonicus Kato, 1944); ( r' C. papillosus Lang, 1884 and C. variegatus Kato, 1934 (see ... Table 1). Lang (1884) mentions C. papillosus var.laevigatus which is described as lacking the characteristic papillae. However, he did not provide many descriptive details and hence we have not included this "variety" in Table 2. Cycloporus albofasciatus, new species (Figs. 2A, B, llA) Material examined. -Holotype -WM (QM G211207), 3m, under B rubble, reef slope, N Madang, PNG, 31 Mar.1994. Description. -Body oval without marginal ruffles (Figs. 2A, llA). Entire dorsal surface covered with extremely small, short, raised round papillae, evenly spaced and regular; papillae do not extend to the margin. Intestine with 4 or 5 " :. .. lateral branches. Cerebral eyespots with about 30 eyes each, .,.:;,...: ~..~:: Sabizoeu: t 71 5x- 240 msmca tt(emreadtu rete) nta(sceuela rT abelyee s2 )e.ach side (Fig. 2B). ..~:.. .: Transparent yellow-brown (dark brown pigment due to food Fig. 2. Cycloporus albofasciatus, new species.A. Whole mount in gut diverticula) with irregular spots, dots and transverse from the ventral side, showing details of food in the gut, bar = 1.0 opaque white blotches extending to the margin (Fig. 11A, mm; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. 289 r Newman & Cannon: Cycloporus from Australasian waters I Cycloporus alralus, new species Diagnosis. -Black, yellow blotches and dots; tentacular (Figs. 3A, B, lIB) bumps orange with white spot in between. Few cerebral and tentacular eyes. Material examined. -Holotype -WM(QM G211062), under rubble, reef crest, Heron Is., S GBR, 14 Feb.1992. Etymology. -Named from the Latin atratus = dressed in black, for its transparent black colour pattern. i Paratypes- WM (QM G211061),s amed ata,2 Feb.1991;L S( QM ' G211076),s ame data, 9 Mar.1997. Remarks. -No other species has a black background colour .. S 11 d 1 . h . 1 ffl and orange tentacular bumps with a white spot in between DescrIption. -ma an ova WIt no margma ru es, T bl 1 2) tentacles small bUDlps( Figs. 3A, lIB). Cerebral eyespot with (see a es , . few eyes, 10 eyes each; tentacular bumps with about 15 to b tW. T . 20 scattered eyes each (FI'g. . 3B). SIze: 8 x 5 mm (mature) llb a I. tl&da I.S/r i . u n. -wo anlma l s "lcound toge ther und er T bl 2 ru bble at the reef crest, Heron IS., sout hem GBR.eTseh (see a e ). 1 . h d. worms were extreme y active w en lstur bed . Transparent black with irregular yellow blotches and regular . yellow microdots over the entire dorsal surface, short C 10 It I ...yc ~orus gu a us, new species transverse streaks near margm, yellow mtermlttent blotches (F. 4A B 11C ) medially (Fig. lIB, Table 2). Tentacular bumps orange, large IgS. " white triangular spot in between. Margin clear with yellow.". I . ,.~at erz.a examIne d.-0 H I0 type -, WM(QM G211205) un der peripheral vesicles. Ventral pattern similar but fainter. rubble, reef crest, Heron Is., 31 Jul.1989. Paratypes- WM (QM G211206),s amed ata; WM (QM G211204), same data, 26 Jun.1991. A A t ~ (~~\! ;'r;;c , ' " '. 0 ". .. 0 .'0 t~. .: "'.::.:.:.;!~':~.::~~:'~.::CSOb._ J ::::.~ .":-~:~ '.'~' ~~ .." , j B ~ ..f':'.."'::.:. ' i. ..:, '. .'::.. ~~ I :(,'~l: 'o. r::::::':":. . . '.. .. ,..-,-'...' !1... I~." . "..." . J .,. L... .',. .,... ..".. ' . ". Fig. 3. Cycloporus atratus, new species.A . Whole mount from Fig. 4. Cycloporusg uttatus,n ews pecies.A . Whole mount from the ventral side, bar = 0.5 rnrn; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. the ventral side,b ar = 1.0 rnrn; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. 290 THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002 Others -WM (QM G2l203), damaged,u nder rubble, reef crest, Etymology. -Named "harlequin" for its distinct black and One Tree Is., south GBR, 14 Aug.1989. white pattern and comic appearance. Description. -Extremely small, body oval, no marginal Remarks. -This species does not resemble any other ruffles (Figs. 4A, 11C). Tentacles only slight bumps. Intestine Cycloporus (see Tables 1, 2). with about 4 lateral intestinal branches. Cerebral eyespots with numerous eyes about 50 to 70 each, tentacular bumps Habitat & distribution. :.- Two worms found together on a with about 20 to 30 eyes each (Pig. 4B). Size: 4 x 3 mm solitary ascidian under a boulder at reef crest, Heron Is., t (mature) (see Table 2). southern GBR (Pig. lIE). Transparent cream with light brown markings (food in gut diverticula), numerous evenly spaced red dots scattered over Cycloporus reticulatus, new species the entire dorsal surface and opaque white spots over the (Pigs. 6A, B, lIP) tentacles and in between (Pig. 11C, Table 2). Margin clear with opaque white spots. Material examined. -Holotype -WM (QM G2ll2l0), under rubble, reef crest, Heron Is., S GBR, 9 Jun.1 992. Diagnosis. -Cream with red dots and numerous cerebral eyes. Paratypes -WM (QM G2ll038), 3 specimens,s ame data, 2 Feb.1992; G2ll040 (S), same data, 2 Feb.1992. ~tymology. -Named from the Latin guttatus = dappled, for Others -LS (QM G2ll039), reef slope, 10 m, N Madang, PNG, Its red dots. colI. T. Gosliner, 12 Jun.1992;L S (QM G2ll090, under rubble, 2 m, S Coral Bay, WA, 24 Apr.1996. Remarks. -No other speciesp ossessesr ed dots over its entire dorsal surface (Tables 1, 2). This species most closely . resemblesC . australis Prudhoe, 1982 and C. reticulatus, new A '.':'.;~j. ..i f species.H owever, this species has only about four intestinal ",.", ;' branches (not 8 or 9 as in C. australis) and this species also ",.. .\ .i::.:.~. .;.." possessesd istinct red dots over its dorsal surface which are ...;.,! '..:.' "\ .!~r!i'~~.: .:..:.:::~... laCki.ngi n C: re~icu~atus,n e~ species. Habitat & distribution. -Ammals appeared as small scars ;.. :'; ':... :'::~:;:;;';~~~;~';;~:;::";.::':;:,~.:':.:;';.:.:'. bbl ., " :,-'..:'1..,:,.,'." " on an encrusting colomal ascIdlan on whIch It was pro a y .,: .'..;' :.'.;::;::";;,,';.'~,f::;:::::..~,:,:':..~.:,;:::...:. .:'.' ':";.":':'.:,;~;::::::::,':.:':'..:.;.:".::;":..: feedmg. Rare from Heron Island, southern GBR. ,., ,.: ...:.;!': '..',"!.:':Z::~:':::;::.:..': :.:. .;!::'...: ! Cycloporus harlequin, new species ...~," ,.:'~:.:'.:':.;::;:. ;:.; '~i".,;,.' .':;',':.:..; ., '. .. (P.5AB1IDE) .':'..' ' ':.'..'..:' Igs. " , Material examined. -Holotype -WM (QM G2ll077), under .,r.:. :.~ :" ..;,.::.:'.:. ..::; '. "" ...,.' ..'." " . rubble,r eef crest, Heron Is., S GBR, 3 Mar.1997. ':.'. " .', ::,'.,'., .":~..:1:'.. ..~i~;~:':.:;:..:.;;:'~: ~;:~~\:,.:.::::.~: Paratype- LS (QM G2l1073), same data, 10 Mar.1997. .::. : '. ,,' ..;'",\'.~.:! '.. .~:,.::::::,;.!;~:,,;,...,/ ./ Description. -Small, margin not ruffled (Pigs. 5A, lID, ./ Table 2). Tentacles slight bumps only. Extensive cement glands and oviducts. Cerebral eyespots with about 15 to 20 B eyes each, tentacular bumps with about 15 to 20 eyes each (Fig. 5B). Size 6 x 4 mm (mature). Background not transparent but opaque light cream with a bold pattern of large irregular black spots or patches with smaller, scattered black irregular spots; several irregular pink dots medially and posterio-laterally (Pigs. lID, E, Table 2). ..:.'. ';.\ : Marginal band orange becoming yellow anteriorly at the :. .: . .~ , tentacles,n arrow white rim. Ventrally cream with some faint ," .: blackb lotches. Diagnosis. -Opaque white with irregular black patches and Fig, 5. Cycloporush arlequin, news peciesA. . Whole mount from orange marginal band. the ventral side,b ar = 1.0 mm; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. 291 Newman & Cannon: Cycloporus from Australasian waters Description. -Small and oval, margin with few shallow in C. guttatus, new species (Table 2). It has a distinct white ruffles (Figs. 6A, IIF). Tentacles slight bumps. Appears to reticulate pattern and about three lateral intestinal branches posses four lateral intestinal branches. Large sucker mid- and it is not variable (yellow, orange or red pigment) with body. Cerebral eyespot with about 30 eyes each, tentacular 9 lateral intestinal branches as found in C. variegatus. bumps with about 15 eyes each (Fig. 6B). Size range: 4 x 2 mm to 10 x 4 mm (all mature) (see Table 2). Habitat & distribution.-Sevenanimals were found together under a coral boulder feeding on an encrusting brown Transparent with a white opaque reticulate pattern colonial ascidian that they had nearly consumed. Rare but (sometimes appears brown if gut diverticula full of food widely distributed, found from the reef crest from Heron Is., particles) (Fig. IIF, Table 2). Opaque white dots over southern GBR; Madang, PNG and Coral Bay, WA. tentacular bumps and between. Margin clear with white peripheral glands. Cycloporus spiritus, new species Diagnosis. -Transparent with a white opaque reticulate (Figs. 7A , B, 12A) pattern. Material examined. -Holotype -WM (QM G211066) under Etymology. -Named from the Latin reticulatus = netlike, rubble, reef crest, Heron Is., S GBR, 14 Sep.1989. for its distinct white pattern. Paratype -LS (QM G211088), 10m, under boulders, off R k Th.. I I bl C Mooloolabah, SE Qld, Aust., colI. K. Jennings, 9 Apr.1996. emar s. -IS specIes c ose y resem es .guttatus, new species, and C. variegatus. This species does not possess red dots and there are fewer cerebral and tentacular eyes than A A ~~~.J(~ B 8 .." I.",':.:..'. "'i'::. ...:!:. t .' ."1: :..::} ::. ,. .:..:. .:. Fig. 6. Cycloporusr eticulatus,n ews peciesA. . Whole mount from Fig. 7. Cycloporus spiritus, new species.A . Whole mount from the ventral side, bar = 0.5 mm; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. the ventral side,b ar = 1.0 mm; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. 292 THE RAFFLES BUUETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002 Description. -Rounded oval, margin ruffled, tentacles Remarks. -Specimens match the original description given bumps only (Figs. 7 A, l2A). Large sucker. Extensive by Kato (1934). Kato (1943) did not mention the number of branching oviducts full of eggs. Elongate cerebral eyespots lateral intestinal branches in his specimen so comparisons with about 20 to 25 eyes each; tentacular bumps with cannot be made (see Table 1, 2). numerous eyes, about 150 each (Fig. 7B). Size range: 8 x 4 mm to 15 x 8 mm (mature) (see Table 2). Habitat & distribution. -Rare from under rubble, Lizard Is., N GBR and Freemantle, W A. Also known from Japan Transparent white (can appear brown when gut diverticula (Kato, 1934, 1937) and Vietnam (Dawydoff, 1952). are full of dark brown pigment), median stripe alternating between opaque white then yellow-orange and ending prior to posterior margin (Fig. 12A, Table 2). Brilliant yellow- Cycloporus venetus, new species orangew ide margin, clear rim. Tentacles yellow-orange with (Figs. 9A-C, l2D) white triangular spot in between. Material examined.- Holotype -WM (QM G211203),3 m, N. Diagnosis. -White with opaque white and yellow-orange Exmouth, WA, 24 Apr.1996. median stripe, margin bright-yellow orange. Description. -Rounded oval (Figs. 9A, l2D). Tentacles only Etymology. -Named from the Latin spiritus = ghost, for its slight bumps. Cerebral eyespots with about 30 eyes each and white, ghost-like appearance. about 15 scattered tentacular eyes (Fig. 9B). Size 8 x 3 mm (mature) (see Table 2). Remarks. -No other species has so many tentacular eyes exceptf or C. australis Prudhoe, 1982 (Tables 1,2). However, Bright opaque blue with a narrow white median stripe (Fig. this species is white with a yellow-orange median stripe and 12D). Margin wide, opaque light yellow, rim clear. Tentacles yellow-orange marginal band, not brown with brown spots with a small black spot (Fig. 9B). as in C. australis. Distribution & habitat. -Rare from under rubble on the reef crest, Heron Is., S GBR and reef slope, Mooloolabah, SE Qld. A Cycloporus variegatus, Kato, 1934 (Figs. 8A, B, 12B, C) Cycloporusv ariegatusK ato, 1934: 123,f ig. 15; Dawydoff, 1952: 81. Q Material examined. -WM (QM G211209), 2m, under rubble, ;."0°.' ':.'. ". ~..;~..~~ '. ~.'. .po , ..~ .';:- ... night,L izard Is, NGBR, Apr. 71995; LS &WM (QMG211063), ..: .: .:.':.:1ii,::';::: ~... .~~.. ,.0: : :. , ~j "';o".' .0.. I-2m, under rocks, Woodman s Pomt, off Freemantle, WA, coli. '. : :::);, ", ~~%...'.o. .0. L. N & M. Hewitt, 18 Apr.1996. '.. ..' ,.' ~ 0 '.'.: ::. .. pDoeisncteridp.t iIonnte. s-tRinoeu wnditehd a boovuat l9 ( lFaitge.r a8l Ab)r.a nTcehnetasc. lSeusc skheor rlat ragned, .:. .: . mid-body. Extensive branching oviducts and cement glands. '. " . Two elongate cerebral eyespots with about 70 eyes each, :y ./ tentacles with about 50 to 60 eyes each (Fig. 8B). Size: 9 x / 3mm (mature) (see Table 2). Transparent cream, can appear brown when gut diverticula B full of food; entire dorsal surface with evenly distributed yellow spots; opaque white spot just posterior to the cerebral eyespot, intermittent median yellow stripe (or irregular elongate spots) ending prior to the posterior margin (Figs. .;.;".: =;::.. ".. .' ... 12B, C). Tentacles yellow. Margin clear with yellow .:~~;:;.:~~~:: .';.,'.. ':.'.-: peripheral glands. Ventrally transparent cream. :::::' .,';: Diagnosis. -Transparent cream, covered in yellow spots with median white and intermittent yellow stripe and short Fig. 8. Cycloporusv ariegatusK ato, 1934.A . Whole mount from pointed tentacles; nine lateral intestinal branches. the ventral side, bar = 1.0 mm; B. Dorsal eye arrangement. 293 Newman & Cannon: Cycloporusf rom Australasianw aters Diagnosis.- Blue with narrowm edianw hite stripea ndw ide A yellow margin, tentacularb umps with a black spot. Etymology.- Named from the Latin venetus= sea-blue,f or f its blue colour and yellow margin which resemblesa sandy beach. Remarks.- No other Cycloporush as sucha unique colour pattern. Habitat & distribution. -Rare from Exmouth, WA . Cycloporus xanthopunctatus, new species (Figs. lOA-C) Material examined.- Holotype -WM (QM G211208),1 2m , under boulders, N Stradbroke Is., Moreton Bay, SE Qld., 7 Apr.1996. Description. -Body elongateo val (Figs. lOA, B). Dorsal B surfacec overed in regularly spacedp apillae. Cerebrale ye ! clustersw ith about4 5 eyese ach,t entacularb umpsw ith about I 25 eyes each( Fig. lOB). Size: 10 x 6 mm (mature)( Table .3.;"~ ; 2). ..:\\~'~::;i ;;;-. , ; A , _.." ..' ::~i:[:I ,t~:i~(i!;~:':,,i:~ ~;;i.::,~. :: .. : ,..,.~. .:;:../ B C .'... " ~!f~~li~i~ , : ,' : ", ' . ., .. '. .. ..", ,. l' ...' ,a .1 " ',. ...."...,..-,t.' .....'.. '....,,. '..,'. .,'.. ".,."I,"t.. ,\..",.. .'".. ..".' .," . .."'.. Fig. 10. Cycloporusx anthopuncatusn, ews pecies.A . Diagram of dorsal patterns howing papillae and darker pigment granules;B . Fig. 9. Cycloporus venetus,n ew species.A . Whole mount from Whole mount from the ventral side,b ar = 1.0 mm; C. Dorsal eye the ventral side, bar = 1.0 mm; B.Dorsal eye arrangement. arrangement. 294 THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2002 Transparent brown, covered with bright yellow spots,m edian species. Only two other species are papillate, L'. line of yellow spots, can appear red-brown when gut albofasciatus,n ew speciesa, ndC . papillosus (Tables 1,2). diverticula full of food particles (Fig. lOA). Margin clear This current species possessesy ellow spots, not white with yellow peripheral glands. transverses treaksa sf ound in C. albofasciatusn, ew species. Furthermore, it does not have numerous cerebral and Diagnosis. -Papillate, transparentw ith yellow spots and tentaculare yesa s found in C. papillosus. It is possible that yellow median stripe. C. papillosus s. s. may represents everals peciess ince its distribution from cold temperate seast o tropical seasi s Etymology.- Named from the Greekxanthos= yellow and unusuallyb road. Obviouslym ore specimensa re neededf or Latin punctum = dot for its yellow spots. study. Remarks. -Although no colour photographi s available, Habitat & distribution. -Rare from under boulders, reef therei s adequatein formation to determinet hat this is a new slope, Moreton Bay, SE Qld, Australia. Fig. 11. A. Cycloporus albofasciatus,n ew species,M adang,P NG; B. Cycloporusa tratus, new species,H eron Is., S GBR; C. CYClOPOrui guttatus,n ew species,H eron Is., S GBR; D. Cycloporush arlequin new species,H eron Is., S GBR; E. C. harlequin, new species,i n sin on a colonial ascidian,H eron Is., S GBR; F. Cycloporus reticulatus, new species,H eron Is., S GBR. 295 Newman & Cannon: Cycloporusf rom Australasianw aters DISCUSSION Obviously, more information is needed on these elusive polyclads to better understand their biodiversity and It is apparent that flatworms belonging to the family distribution. Euryleptidaea rem ore commont han previouslyt hought. In general, these polyclads are smaller than the more conspicuousp seudocerotidas nd mayh ave beeno verlooked. Furthermore,s everalo f these animals were found closely associatedw ith their prey, colonial ascidians,a nd have not We wish to thank Dr A. Flowers, Ms K. Jennings,D r T. beenf ound roaming aboutl ike the larger pseudocerotids. Gosliner, Dr P. & Mrs S. Morrison, Dr W. Brogan,M s V. Larkin-Matsona ndM s M. Hewitt for assistancein collecting flatwonns; Ms Z. Khalil and Mr G. Hopper for histological Identification of Cycloporus species has proven to be preparationsM; r K. Sewella nd Mr M. Bryant for specimen problematic since there are few reliable taxonomic curation. Dr A. Flowers greatlya ssistedw ith the underwater characters. It appears that pattern is the most reliable photography.S pecial thanks are given to; the staff of the character available to separate species, however, the colour School of Environmental Science and Management, of animals varies depending on what they consume. Many SouthernC ross University; the Directors and staff of the animals appeared to be generally dark brown owing to the Heron, One Tree and Lizard Island ResearchS tationsa nd dark brown food particles in the gut diverticula. The relative the fonner ChristensenR esearchI nstitute, Madang, PNG. number of cerebral and tentacular eyes is also a useful Financial supportw as provided to L. J. N. by the Australian character to differentiate some species although the exact Biological Study,C anberraa nd the ChristensenF und,P alto number of eyes was found to vary intra-specifically. The Alto, California. reliability of the number of lateral intestinal branches as a taxonomic character is questionable: they were extremely hard to see in the wholemounts especially if the animals were LITERATURE CITED sexually mature and full of eggs in the swollen, branching oviducts. Details of the reproductive anatomy have not been Dawydoff, C. N., 1952. Contribution a l'etude des invertebresd e given he~there is no information from the previous 1a faune marine benthique de l'lndochine. Bulletin Biologie literature for comparison. France et Belgique (Suppl.),3 9: 1-158. Fig. 12. A. Cycloporus spiritus, new speciesH, eron Is., S GBR; B. Cycloporusv ariegatusK ato 1934,L izard Is., N GBR; C. Cycloporus variegatus Kato, 1934,N ingaloo Reef, WA; D:Cycloporus venetus,n ew species,E xmouth,W A. 296 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS