The Genres of Rhetorical Speeches in Greek and Roman Antiquity International Studies in the History of Rhetoric Editors Laurent Pernot, Executive Editor, Strasbourg, France Craig Kallendorf, College Station, U.S.A. Advisory Board Bé Breij, Nijmegen, Netherlands Rudong Chen, Perkin, China Manfred Kraus, Tübingen, Germany Gabriella Moretti, Trento, Italy Luisa Angelica Puig Llano, Mexico City, Mexico Christine Sutherland, Calgary, Canada VoLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rhet The Genres of Rhetorical Speeches in Greek and Roman Antiquity By Cristina Pepe LEIDEN • BoSToN 2013 The publication of this volume was made possible thanks to the generous support of the Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II (Progetto RD09ABBAM). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pepe, Cristina.  The genres of rhetorical speeches in Greek and Roman antiquity / by Cristina Pepe.   pages cm. — (International Studies in the History of Rhetoric ; 5)  Includes bibliographical references and index.  ISBN 978-90-04-24984-4 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25884-6 (e-book) 1. Rhetoric, Ancient. 2. Literary form. I. Title.  PA181.P47 2013  808.00938—dc23 2013027834 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1875-1148 ISBN 978-90-04-24984-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25884-6 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 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CoNTENTS Acknowledgements  ........................................................................................ xi Abbreviations and other Conventions  .................................................... xiii Introduction  ..................................................................................................... 1 PART oNE SPEECH CLASSIFICATIoN IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURy BC Chapter one The Practice of oratory in Classical Greece  ............. 9 1.1 Athenian Democracy and Public Speech Making  ................ 9 1.2 other Forms of Public Speeches in the 5th and 4th Century  ....................................................................................... 15 Chapter Two The Sophists and the Forms of λόγος  ......................... 21 2.1 Gorgias’ Encomium of Helen  ......................................................... 21 2.2 The origins of the Praise Speech  ............................................... 24 Chapter Three Thucydides. The Assembly and Democratic Deliberation  ................................................................................................. 29 Chapter Four Plato  ..................................................................................... 37 4.1 Plato as “literary critic”: Poetic Genres and Forms  ............... 38 4.2 The Definition of Rhetoric in the Gorgias: The Audience and oratorical Situations  .............................................................. 41 4.3 The New Rhetoric in the Phaedrus  ........................................... 44 4.4 The Division of Rhetoric in the Sophist  ................................... 51 4.5 Plato’s Conception of Advice and Praise  ................................. 56 Chapter Five Isocrates  ............................................................................... 61 5.1 Classifications of Discourses in Prose. Isocrates’ λόγοι  ....... 61 5.2 Isocrates’ Conception of Advice  ................................................. 67 5.3 Isocrates’ Conception of ἐπίδειξις ............................................... 71 5.4 Defining the Praise Speech  .......................................................... 74 vi contents Chapter Six Demosthenes  ........................................................................ 79 Chapter Seven The Rhetoric to Alexander  ........................................... 85 7.1 Incipit and Structure of the Treatise  ........................................ 86 7.1.1 Προτροπή and ἀποτροπή  ................................................... 87 7.1.2 Ἐγκώμιον and ψόγος  .......................................................... 89 7.1.3 Ἀπολογία and κατηγορία  ................................................... 91 7.1.4 The ἐξεταστικὸν εἶδος  ......................................................... 92 7.1.4.1 Ἐξέτασις and ἐξετάζειν in the 5th and 4th Century BC  .................................................... 94 7.1.4.2 The ἐξέτασις in the Rhetoric to Alexander  ... 98 7.2 The Importance of γένη and εἴδη in the Rhetoric to Alexander  ........................................................................................... 102 7.2.1 The Epideictic Genre  ........................................................ 103 7.2.2 The System of γένη  ............................................................ 112 7.3 The Rhetoric to Alexander and the Rhetoric of Aristotle  .... 118 PART TWo THE SySTEM oF GENRES IN ARISToTLE’S RHETORIC Chapter Eight Aristotle’s Rhetoric  .......................................................... 123 Chapter Nine The Concept of Genre in Aristotle  ............................. 127 9.1 The Genres of Poetry  ..................................................................... 128 Chapter Ten The Three Genres of Rhetoric: Definition and Classification  ............................................................................................... 133 10.1 The Epideictic Genre  ..................................................................... 138 10.1.1 The Figures of θεωρός and κριτής  .................................. 138 10.1.2 Textual Authenticity (Rhetoric 1358b5–6) .................. 143 10.1.3 Introduction of the Third Genre  ................................... 144 10.1.4 The θεωρός as κριτής  .......................................................... 146 10.1.5 A Hearer for the Epideictic oratory: the θεωρός  ....... 152 10.1.6 The θεωρός and the Judgment on the δύναμις  ........... 156 10.2 The Deliberative Genre  ................................................................. 159 Chapter Eleven Characterizing the Genres: Principles and Models  ........................................................................................................... 167 11.1 Communicative Functions of the Genres  ............................... 167 contents vii 11.2 The Ends of the Genres  ................................................................ 170 11.3 The Temporality  ............................................................................. 174 11.4 The Genres and Forms of Rhetorical Argumentation  ........ 180 11.5 The ἦθος and πάθος and their Relation with the Genres  ... 187 Chapter Twelve Genres and Topics  ...................................................... 191 12.1 The Deliberative Topics  ............................................................... 193 12.2 The Epideictic Topics  ................................................................... 196 12.3 The Judicial Topics  ........................................................................ 204 Chapter Thirteen The Style (λέξις) and Arrangement (τάξις) of the Genres  ............................................................................................... 211 13.1 The Style  ........................................................................................... 211 13.2 Arrangement and Parts of the Speech  .................................... 222 13.2.1 Προοίμιον  ............................................................................. 223 13.2.2 Πρόθεσις  ............................................................................... 226 13.2.3 Διήγησις  ............................................................................... 227 13.2.4 Πίστις .................................................................................... 230 13.2.5 Ἐπίλογος  .............................................................................. 232 Chapter Fourteen Divisiones Aristoteleae  ............................................ 235 PART THREE RHEToRICAL GENRES IN THE HELLENISTIC AND IMPERIAL AGES Chapter Fifteen oratorical Practice  ...................................................... 243 15.1 The Hellenistic Age  ....................................................................... 243 15.2 oratory in Rome  ............................................................................. 244 15.3 The Life of Eloquence Under the Empire  .............................. 248 Chapter Sixteen The Success of the Aristotelian Classification  ... 257 16.1 The Sequence of Genres  .............................................................. 261 16.2 Terminology  ..................................................................................... 263 16.2.1 The Genre as Speech Class  ........................................... 263 16.2.2 The Vocabulary of the Three Genres  ......................... 266 16.2.2.1 Deliberative Genre  ........................................ 267 16.2.2.2 Judicial Genre  ................................................. 270 16.2.2.3 Epideictic Genre  ............................................. 271 viii contents 16.3 Identity of the Three Genres  ...................................................... 279 16.3.1 Genres and ἀκροαταί  ..................................................... 280 16.3.2 Criteria for Identifying Genres  ................................... 283 Chapter Seventeen The Debate on the Scheme’s Validity: Problems and Solutions  ........................................................................... 291 17.1 The Three Genres as Subsets of More Comprehensive Divisions  ........................................................................................... 291 17.1.1 Genres and ὑποθέσεις  .................................................... 291 17.1.2 Bipartition of Speeches  ................................................ 294 17.2 The Extension of Number of Genres  ....................................... 298 17.2.1 A Fourth Genre of Rhetoric  ........................................ 299 17.2.1.1 The ἐντευκτικὸν γένος  .................................... 299 17.2.1.2 The ὁμιλητικὸν γένος  ...................................... 301 17.2.1.3 The ἱστορικὸν γένος  ........................................ 303 17.2.1.4 The ἀντίρρησις  ................................................. 317 17.2.2 Towards a Proliferation of Genres  ............................ 320 17.3 The Three Genres and Their Internal Divisions  .................. 323 17.3.1 The Epideictic Species  .................................................. 326 17.3.2 Principles of Codification and Classification of the Genres: Panegyrical and Ambassadorial Speeches  ............................................................................ 329 Chapter Eighteen The Theory of Genres in the Rhetorical System  ........................................................................................................... 337 18.1 Inventio, Dispositio, Elocutio  ........................................................ 340 18.2 Inventio: The Topics  ...................................................................... 340 18.2.1 The τελικὰ κεφάλαια  ...................................................... 344 18.2.2 Prosopographical and Epideictic Topics  ................. 345 18.2.3 Stasis Theory and the Three Genres  ........................ 346 18.2.4 Effects and Significance of the Connection between Lists of Topics  ................................................ 350 18.3 From Inventio to Dispositio: The order of the Topics  ........ 350 18.4 Dispositio  .......................................................................................... 351 18.5 Elocutio  .............................................................................................. 355 Chapter Nineteen Classifying, Describing, Interpreting Speeches  ....................................................................................................... 363 19.1 The Mixture of Genres  ................................................................. 368 contents ix Chapter Twenty Rhetorical Genres and Pedagogical Practices  ...... 375 20.1 The Preparatory Exercises  .......................................................... 375 20.2 Declamation  .................................................................................... 378 Conclusion  ........................................................................................................ 385 Testimonia  ......................................................................................................... 393 Appendix. Speech Genres in Contemporary Rhetorical Theory  ...... 519 Bibliography  ..................................................................................................... 543 Index of Greek and Latin Terms  ................................................................ 573 Index Locorum  ................................................................................................ 581 General Index  ................................................................................................... 605