FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page i GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA of N Eurological D isorders FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page iii GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA of N Eurological D isorders VOLUME 1 A-L STACEY L. CHAMBERLIN, BRIGHAM NARINS, EDITORS FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page iv The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders Project Editors Rights Acquisitions Management Composition and Electronic Prepress Stacey L. Chamberlin, Brigham Narins Margaret Chamberlain, Jackie Jones, Shalice Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Shah-Caldwell Editorial Manufacturing Erin Watts Imaging and Multimedia Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki Randy Basset, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, Robyn Editorial Support Services V. 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Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Entries................................................vii Introduction..................................................xiii Advisory Board..............................................xv Contributors.................................................xvii Entries Volume 1:A–L........................................................1 Volume 2:M–Z...................................................511 Glossary.......................................................941 General Index...............................................973 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS v FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page vii LIST OF ENTRIES (cid:1) (cid:1) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating A B polyneuropathy Clinical trials Abulia Back pain Congenital myasthenia Acetazolamide Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome Congenital myopathies Acupuncture Batten disease Corpus callosotomy Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Behçet disease Corticobasal degeneration Adrenoleukodystrophy Bell’s palsy Craniosynostosis Affective disorders Benign positional vertigo Craniotomy Agenesis of the corpus callosum Benzodiazepines Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Agnosia Beriberi CT scan AIDS Binswanger disease Cushing syndrome Alcohol-related neurological disease Biopsy Cytomegalic inclusion body disease Alexander disease Blepharospasm Alpers’disease Bodywork therapies (cid:1) Alternating hemiplegia Botulinum toxin Alzheimer disease Botulism D Amantadine Brachial plexus injuries Dandy-Walker syndrome Amnestic disorders Brain anatomy Deep brain stimulation Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Brain and spinal tumors Delirium Anatomical nomenclature Brown-Séquard syndrome Dementia Anencephaly Depression Aneurysms (cid:1) Dermatomyositis Angelman syndrome Devic syndrome Angiography C Diabetic neuropathy disease Anosmia Diadochokinetic rate Anticholinergics Canavan disease Diazepam Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Dichloralphenazone Antiepileptic drugs Carotid endarterectomy Dichloralphenazone,Isometheptene, Antimigraine medications Carotid stenosis andAcetaminophen Antiparkinson drugs Carpal tunnel syndrome Diencephalon Antiviral drugs Catechol-O-methyltransferase Diet and nutrition Anxiolytics inhibitors Disc herniation Aphasia Central cord syndrome Dizziness Apraxia Central nervous system Dopamine receptor agonists Arachnoid cysts Central nervous system stimulants Dysarthria Arachnoiditis Central pain syndrome Dysesthesias Arnold-Chiari malformation Cerebellum Dysgeusia Arteriovenous malformations Cerebral angiitis Dyskinesia Aspartame Cerebral cavernous malformation Dyslexia Asperger’s disorder Cerebral circulation Dyspraxia Assistive mobile devices Cerebral dominance Dystonia Ataxia-telangiectasia Cerebral hematoma Ataxia Cerebral palsy (cid:1) Atomoxetine Channelopathies Attention deficit hyperactivity Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder E disorder Cholinergic stimulants Autism Cholinesterase inhibitors Electric personal assistive mobility Autonomic dysfunction Chorea devices GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS vii FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page viii s Electroencephalography Inclusion body myositis Multiple sclerosis e ri Electromyography Incontinentia pigmenti Multiple system atrophy t n Empty sella syndrome Infantile spasms Muscular dystrophy E f Encephalitis and Meningitis Inflammatory myopathy Myasthenia,congenital o t Encephalitis lethargica Interferons Myasthenia gravis Lis Encephaloceles Myoclonus Encephalopathy Myofibrillar myopathy (cid:1) Endovascular embolization Myopathy Epidural hematoma J Myotonic dystrophy Epilepsy Exercise Joubert syndrome (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) N F K Narcolepsy Nerve compression Fabry disease Kennedy’s disease Nerve conduction study Facial synkinesis Klippel Feil syndrome Neurofibromatosis Fainting Krabbe disease Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Fatigue Kuru Neurologist Febrile seizures Neuromuscular blockers Felbamate (cid:1) Neuronal migration disorders Fisher syndrome Neuropathologist Foot drop L Neuropsychological testing Fourth nerve palsy Neuropsychologist Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Friedreich ataxia Neurosarcoidosis Laminectomy Neurotransmitters Lamotrigine Niemann-Pick Disease (cid:1) Learning disorders Lee Silverman voice treatment G Leigh disease (cid:1) Gabapentin Lennox-Gastaut syndrome O Gaucher disease Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Gene therapy Leukodystrophy Occipital neuralgia Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease Levetiracetam Olivopontocerebellar atrophy Gerstmann syndrome Lewy body dementia Opsoclonus myoclonus Glossopharyngeal neuralgia Lidocaine patch Organic voice tremor Glucocorticoids Lissencephaly Orthostatic hypotension Guillain-Barré syndrome Locked-in syndrome Oxazolindinediones Lupus Lyme disease (cid:1) (cid:1) H (cid:1) P Hallucination M Pain Headache Pallidotomy Hearing disorders Machado-Joseph disease Pantothenate kinase-associated Hemianopsia Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neurodegeneration Hemifacial spasm Megalencephaly Paramyotonia congenita Hereditary spastic paraplegia Melodic intonation therapy Paraneoplastic syndromes Holoprosencephaly Ménière’s disease Parkinson’s disease HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy Meninges Paroxysmal hemicrania Huntington disease Mental retardation Parsonage-Turner syndrome Hydantoins Meralgia paresthetica Perineural cysts Hydranencephaly Metachromatic leukodystrophy Periodic paralysis Hydrocephalus Microcephaly Peripheral nervous system Hydromyelia Mitochondrial myopathies Peripheral neuropathy Hypersomnia Modafinil Periventricular leukomalacia Hypotonia Moebius syndrome Phantom limb Hypoxia Monomelic amyotrophy Pharmacotherapy Motor neuron diseases Phenobarbital Movement disorders Pick disease (cid:1) Moyamoya disease Pinched nerve I Mucopolysaccharidoses Piriformis syndrome Multi-infarct dementia Plexopathies Idiopathic neuropathy Multifocal motor neuropathy Poliomyelitis viii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page ix Polymyositis Sixth nerve palsy Tremors L Pompe disease Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome Trigeminal neuralgia ist Porencephaly Sleep apnea Tropical spastic paraparesis o f Positron emission tomography (PET) Social workers Tuberous sclerosis E n Post-polio Syndrome Sodium oxybate t r Primary lateral sclerosis Sotos syndrome ie (cid:1) s Primidone Spasticity Prion diseases Speech synthesizer U Progressive multifocal Spina bifida leukoencephalopathy Spinal cord infarction Ulnar neuropathy Progressive supranuclear palsy Spinal cord injury Ultrasonography Pseudobulbar palsy Spinal muscular atrophy Pseudotumor cerebri Spinocerebellar ataxia (cid:1) Status epilepticus Stiff person syndrome V (cid:1) Striatonigral degeneration R Stroke Valproic acid and divalproex Sturge-Weber syndrome sodium Radiation Stuttering Vasculitic neuropathy Radiculopathy Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Vasculitis Ramsay-Hunt syndrome type II Subdural hematoma Ventilatory assistance devices Rasmussen’s encephalitis Succinamides Ventricular shunt Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Swallowing disorders Ventricular system Refsum disease Sydenham’s chorea Vertebrobasilar disease Repetitive motion disorders Syringomyelia Vestibular schwannoma Respite Visual disturbances Restless legs syndrome Vitamin/nutritional deficiency (cid:1) Rett syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau disease Reye syndrome T Tabes dorsalis (cid:1) (cid:1) Tay-Sachs disease W S Temporal arteritis Temporal lobe epilepsy Wallenberg syndrome Sandhoff disease Tethered spinal cord syndrome West Nile virus infection Schilder’s disease Third nerve palsy Whiplash Schizencephaly Thoracic outlet syndrome Whipple’s Disease Schizophrenia Thyrotoxic myopathy Williams syndrome Sciatic neuropathy Tiagabine Wilson disease Sciatica Todd’s paralysis Seizures Topiramate (cid:1) Septo-optic dysplasia Tourette syndrome Shaken baby syndrome Transient global amnesia Z Shingles Transient ischemic attack Single Proton Emission Computed Transverse myelitis Zellweger syndrome Tomography Traumatic brain injury Zonisamide GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ix FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page xi PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disordersis comprehensive,and up-to-date,Thomson Gale makes no a medical reference product designed to inform and edu- representations or warranties of any kind,including with- cate readers about a wide variety of diseases,syndromes, out limitation,warranties of merchantability or fitness for drugs, treatments, therapies, and diagnostic equipment. a particular purpose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, Thomson Gale believes the product to be comprehensive, comprehensiveness,or timeliness of the information con- but not necessarily definitive. It is intended to supplement, tained in this product. Readers are advised to seek profes- not replace,consultation with a physician or other health- sional diagnosis and treatment for any medical condition, care practitioner. While Thomson Gale has made sub- and to discuss information obtained from this book with stantial efforts to provide information that is accurate, their healthcare providers. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS xi FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page xiii INTRODUCTION The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders • Precautions (GEND) is a one-stop source for medical information that • Side effects covers diseases,syndromes,drugs,treatments,therapies, and diagnostic equipment. It keeps medical jargon to a • Interactions minimum,making it easier for the layperson to use. The • Resources Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorderspresents au- • Key terms thoritative and balanced information and is more compre- hensive than single-volume family medical guides. Treatments • Definition SCOPE • Purpose Almost 400 full-length articles are included in The • Precautions Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. Articles follow a standardized format that provides information at • Description a glance. Rubrics include: • Preparation Diseases • Aftercare • Definition • Risks • Description • Normal results • Demographics • Resources • Causes and symptoms • Key terms • Diagnosis • Treatment team INCLUSION CRITERIA • Treatment A preliminary topic list was compiled from a wide va- • Recovery and rehabilitation riety of sources, including professional medical guides, • Clinical trials consumer guides, and textbooks and encyclopedias. The advisory board,made up of seven medical and healthcare • Prognosis experts,evaluated the topics and made suggestions for in- • Special concerns clusion. Final selection of topics to include was made by • Resources the medical advisors in conjunction with Gale editors. • Key terms Drugs ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS • Definition The essays were compiled by experienced medical writers,physicians,nurses,and pharmacists. GEND med- • Purpose ical advisors reviewed most of the completed essays to in- • Description sure that they are appropriate, up-to-date, and medically • Recommended dosage accurate. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS xiii