The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of DIETS A GU ID E TO H E A L TH AND NU T R I T I ON The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of DIETS A GU ID E TO H E A L TH AND NU T R I T I ON F I R S T E D I T I ON VO L U M E S 1 2 A – L M – Z JACQUE L IN E L . LONGE , ED I TOR Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Nutrition Project Editor Indexing Product Design Jacqueline L. Longe Factiva Inc. Pamela Galbreath Editorial Rights and Acquisitions Composition Donna Batten, Brigham Narins, Shirelle Phelps Jacqueline Key, Lista Person, Kelly Quin, Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Timothy Sisler Production Technology Manufacturing Luann Brennan, Paul Lewon Imaging and Multimedia Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki Lezlie Light, Robyn V. Young Editorial Support Services Andrea Lopeman ª 2008 The Gale Group. without the written permission of the this publication, Thomson Gale does not publisher. guarantee the accuracy of the data contained Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and herein. 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ISBN 978-1-4144-2991-5 (set) -- ISBN 978-1-4144-2992-2 (vol. 1) -- ISBN 978-1-4144-2993-9 (vol. 2) 1. Nutrition--Encyclopedias. 2. Diet--Encyclopedias. 3. Health--Encyclopedias. I. Longe, Jacqueline L. II. Thomson Gale (Firm) III. Title: Encyclopedia of diets. RA784.G345 2007 613.203--dc22 2007014851 This title is also available as an e-book, ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-2994-6 (e-book set); ISBN-10: 1-4144-2994-0 (e-book set). Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in China 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Alphabetical List of Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Advisory Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Entries Volume 1 (A–L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Volume 2 (M–Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DIETS v ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES British heart foundation diet A Bulimia nervosa D Abs diet DASH Diet Acne diet Dean Ornish’s Eat More, ADHD diet Weigh Less C Adolescent nutrition Dehydration Adult nutrition Cabbage soup diet Denise Austin Fit forever African diet Caffeine Detoxification diets African-American diet Calcium AIDS/HIV infection DHEA Calorie restriction Alcohol consumption Diabetes mellitus Cambridge diet American Diabetes Association Diarrhea diet Cancer American Dietetic Association Diet drugs Cancer-fighting foods Anne Collins program Dietary cholesterol Carbohydrate addict’s diet Anorexia nervosa Anti-aging diet Carbohydrates Dietary guidelines Anti-inflammatory diets Caribbean Islander diet Dietary reference intakes Antioxidants Carotenoids Dietary supplements Arthritis diet Caveman diet Dietwatch Artificial preservatives Celiac disease Digestive diseases Artificial sweeteners Central American and Diuretics and diets Asian diet Mexican diet Diverticular disease diet Atkins diet Central European and Dr. Feingold diet Russian diet Dr. Phil’s diet ChangeOne diet Dyspepsia Chicken soup diet B Childhood nutrition Bariatric surgery Childhood obesity Bernstein diet Children’s diets E Beverly Hills diet Chocolate diet Binge eating Eating disorders Choline Bioengineered food Eating for Life Chromium Biotin Echinacea Cleveland Clinic 3-day diet Blood type diet eDiets Constipation Bob Greene’s diet Copper Electrolytes Body for Life diet Body image Coronary heart disease Elimination diets Body mass index Cravings Encopresis Bodybuilding diet Crohn’s disease Ephedra Breastfeeding CSIRO total wellbeing diet Ergogenic aids GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DIETS vii Hilton Head metabolism diet Manganese F Hispanic and Latino diet Maple syrup urine disease Hollywood diet Mayo Clinic diet (fad diet) Fad diets Hoodia Mayo Clinic plan (endorsed by Fat flush diet Hyperactivity and sugar clinic) Fat replacers Hyperlipidemia Meckel’s diverticulum Fat smash diet Hypertension Medifast Fats Hypertriglyceridemia Mediterranean diet Fen-Phen Menopause diet Fiber Men’s nutrition Fit for Life diet Metabolism Flaxseed I Minerals Fluoride Infant nutrition Molybdenum Folate Inflammatory bowel disease Food additives Intuitive eating Food allergies Intussusception Food contamination N Iodine Food labeling Iron Native American diet Food poisoning Irradiated food Neaderthin Food safety Irritable bowel syndrome Negative calorie diet Food sensitivities Irritable bowel syndrome diet Niacin French paradox Northern European diet Frozen-food diet Nutrigenomics Fructose intolerance NutriSystem Fruitarian diet J Nutrition and mental health Jenny Craig diet Nutrition literacy Jillian Michaels diet Juice fasts G O Gallstones Gastroesophageal reflux disease Obesity K Giardiasis Omega-3 fatty acids Gingseng Ketogenic diets Optifast Ginkgo biloba Kidney diet Optimum Health Plan Glucosamine Oral health and nutrition Gluten-free diet Organic food Glycemic index diets Orlistat L Gout diet Osteoporosis Grapefruit diet LA Weight Loss program Osteoporosis diet Greek and Middle Eastern diet Lactose intolerant diet Ovolactovegetarianism Green tea Lacto-vegetarianism Ovovegetarianism Liquid diets Low-cholesterol diet Low-fat diet H P Low-protein diet Hamptons diet Low-sodium diet Pacific Islander American diet Hay diet Pacific Islander diet Healthy heart diet Pantothenic acid Heartburn Peanut butter diet M Hemorrhoids Perricone diet Herbalife Macrobiotic diet Personality type diet High-fat/low-carb diets Macronutrients Phytonutrients High-fiber diet Magnesium Pregnancy diet High-protein diet Maker’s diet Pritikin diet viii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DIETS Alphabetical List of Entries Prostate Soy Vitamin A Protein Spirulina Vitamin B6 Sports nutrition Vitamin B12 St. John’s wort Vitamin C Subway diet Vitamin D R Suzanne Somers weight loss plan Vitamin E Raw foods diet Vitamin K Religion and dietary practices Vitamins Renal nutrition Volumetrics T Riboflavin Rice-based diets Thiamin Richard Simmons diet 3-day diet Rosedale diet 3-hour diet W TLC diet Warrior diet Trans fats Water Traveler’s diarrhea Weight cycling S Triglycerides Weight Loss 4 Idiots Sacred heart diet Trim Kids Weight Watchers Scandinavian diet Women’s nutrition Scarsdale diet Selenium U Senior nutrition Shangri-la diet Ulcers Y Six day body makeover USDA Food Guide Pyramid Yersinia Six week body makeover (MyPyramid) Slim4life Slim-Fast Sodium Z V Sonoma diet Zinc Veganism South American diet Zone diet Vegetarianism South Beach diet GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DIETS ix Alphabetical List of Entries PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health Gale Group makes no representations or warranties of and Nutrition is a health reference product designed to any kind, includingwithout limitation, warranties ofmer- inform and educate readers about a wide variety of chantability or fitness for a particular purpose, nor does it diets, nutrition and dietary practices, and diseases and guarantee the accuracy, comprehensiveness, or timeliness conditions associated with nutrition choices. The Gale of the information contained in this product. Readers Group believes the product to be comprehensive, but should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge not necessarily definitive. It is intended to supple- is constantly growing and changing, and that differences ment, not replace, consultation with a physician or of opinion exist among authorities. Readers are also other healthcare practitioners. While The Gale advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment for Group has made substantial efforts to provide informa- any medical condition, and to discuss information tion that is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date, The obtained from this book with their healthcare provider. x GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DIETS INTRODUCTION The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health Description and Nutrition is a one-stop source for diet and nutrition Precautions information that covers popular and special diets, nutrition basics, and nutrition-related health condi- Interactions tions. It also particularly addresses health and nutrition Aftercare concerns across all age groups from infancy through old age. This encyclopedia avoids medical jargon and Complications uses language that laypersons can understand, while Parental concerns still providing thorough coverage of each topic. The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Resources Nutrition is not meant to be an endorsement for any Key terms one diet or lifestyle but rather it presents authoritative, Health balanced information. Definition SCOPE Description Approximately 275 full-length articles are included Demographics in The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health Causes and symptoms and Nutrition. Articles follow a standardized format that provides information at a glance. Rubrics include: Diagnosis Special/Popular Diets Treatment Definition Nutrition/Dietetic concerns Origins Therapy Description Prognosis Function Prevention Benefits Resources Precautions Key terms Risks Research and general acceptance INCLUSION CRITERIA Questions to ask your doctor A preliminary list of diets and nutrition topics was Resources compiled from a wide variety of sources, including professional medical guides and textbooks, as well as Key terms consumer guides and encyclopedias. The advisory Nutrition Basics board evaluated the topics and made suggestions for inclusion. Final selection of topics to include was made Definition by the advisors in conjunction with Gale Group Purpose editors. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DIETS xi