GALE The of ENCYCLOPEDIA C HILDREN’S H EALTH INFANCY THROUGH ADOLESCENCE G A L E The of ENCYCLOPEDIA C HILDREN’S H EALTH I N F A N C Y T H R O U G H A D O L E S C E N C E VOLUME 1 A-C KRISTINE KRAPP AND JEFFREY WILSON, EDITORS GALE (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Detroit NewYork SanFrancisco SanDiego NewHaven,Conn. Waterville,Maine London Munich GALE TheGaleEncyclopediaofChildren’sHealth:InfancythroughAdolescence ProductManager RightsAcquisitionManagement CompositionandElectronicPrepress KateMillson MargaretAbendroth,AnnTaylor EviSeoud,MaryBethTrimper ProjectEditors Imaging Manufacturing KristineM.Krapp,JeffreyJ.Wilson RandyBassett,LezlieLight,DanNewell, WendyBlurton,DorothyMaki Editorial ChristineO’Bryan,RobynYoung DonnaBatten,ShirellePhelps,ErinWatts Indexing ProductDesign SynapseCorp.ofColorado EditorialSupportServices MichelleDiMercurio,TraceyRowens LuannBrennan,AndreaLopeman,Mark Springer (cid:1)2005ThomsonGale,apartofTheThomson Thispublicationisacreativeworkfully Sincethispagecannotlegibly Corporation. protectedbyallapplicablecopyrightlaws,as accommodateallcopyrightnotices,the wellasbymisappropriation,tradesecret, acknowledgmentsconstituteanextensionof ThomsonandStarLogoaretrademarksand unfaircondition,andotherapplicablelaws. thecopyrightnotice. 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WS13G15152005] I.Title:Encyclopediaofchildren’shealth.II.Krapp, KristineM.III.Wilson,Jeffrey,1971-IV.GaleGroup. RJ26.G352005 618.92’0003–dc22 2005003478 Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book ISBN0-7876-9425-8 (set) ContactyourGalesalesrepresentativefororderinginformation. ISBN0-7876-9241-7(set) 0-7876-9427-4(Vol.1) 0-7876-9428-2(Vol.2) 0-7876-9429-0(Vol.3) 0-7876-9430-4(Vol.4) PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 CONTENTS ListofEntries ......................... vii Introduction........................... xv AdvisoryBoard....................... xvii Contributors...........................xix Entries Volume1:A-C............................ 1 Volume2:D-K..........................551 Volume3:L-R........................ 1059 Volume4:S-Z ........................ 1603 Glossary............................ 1971 GrowthChartsAppendix .............. 2049 AppendixofCommonChildhood Medications........................ 2059 GeneralIndex ....................... 2075 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH v LIST OF ENTRIES Angelman’ssyndrome A B Animalbiteinfections Anorexianervosa Abandonment Babysitters Abdominalwalldefects Antenataltesting Batteredchildsyndrome Acetaminophen Antepartumtesting BayleyScalesofInfant Acne Antiacnedrugs Development Acromegalyandgigantism Antiasthmaticdrugs Bed-wetting Actingout Antibiotics Beery-Buktenicatest Adaptivebehaviorscalesforinfants Antibiotics,topical andearlychildhood Bejel Antidepressants Addiction Bell’spalsy Antiepileptics Adenoidhyperplasia Biliaryatresia Antihistamines Adenovirusinfections Bilingualism/Bilingualeducation Antisocialbehavior Adjustmentdisorders Bilirubintest Adolescence Antisocialpersonalitydisorder Bingeeatingdisorder Adoption Antiviraldrugs Bipolardisorder Aggressivebehavior Anxiety Albinism Apgartesting Birthorder Alcoholism Apneaofinfancy Birthmarks Allergicpurpura Appendicitis Bitesandstings Allergicrhinitis Arteriovenousfistula Bloodsugartests Allergies Asphyxianeonatorum Bonding Allergyshots Assessment Botulism Allergytests Asthma Brachialplexopathy,obstetric Allowanceandmoneymanagement Ataxiatelangiectasia/chromosome Breastdevelopment Alopecia breakagedisorders Alpha-fetoproteintest Breathholdingspells Atopicdermatitis Alternativeschool Breechbirth Atrialseptaldefect Amblyopia Bronchiolitis Amenorrhea Attachmentbetweeninfantand Bronchitis caregiver Amniocentesis Bruises Anabolicsteroids Attention-deficit/Hyperactivitydis- order(AD/HD) Bruton’sagammaglobulinemia Analgesics Anaphylaxis Audiometry Bulimianervosa Anatomicalage Auditorydiscriminationtest Bullies Anemias Autism Burns GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH vii s Condom Diphtheria e C tri Conductdisorder Discipline n fE Caffeine Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia Divorce o st CaliforniaAchievementTests Congenitalamputation Dizziness Li Cancer Congenitalbladderanomalies Downsyndrome Candidiasis Congenitalbraindefects Drawings Cankersores Congenitalheartdisease Drugallergies/sensitivities Carbohydrateintolerance Congenitalhipdysplasia DTPvaccine Carbonmonoxidepoisoning Congenitalureteranomalies Duodenalobstruction Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation Conjunctivitis Dwarfism Cat-scratchdisease Constipation Dyslexia Celiacdisease Contactdermatitis Dysmenorrhea Cerebralpalsy Contraception Cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)analysis Cornealabrasion E Cerumenimpaction Cough Cesareansection Coughsuppressants Earexamwithanotoscope Charcot-Marie-Toothdisease Craniosynostosis Earlychildhoodeducation Chemotherapy Crawling Edwards’syndrome Chestphysicaltherapy Creativity Ehlers-Danlossyndrome Chiarimalformation Criduchatsyndrome Electricshockinjuries Chickenpox Croup Electroencephalogram Chickenpoxvaccine Cryingandfussinginaninfant Electronicfetalmonitoring Childabuse Cyclicvomitingsyndrome Eliminationdiet Childcustodylaws Cysticfibrosis Encephalitis Childbirth Cystitis Encopresis ChildhoodVaccineInjuryAct Cytomegalovirusinfection Enterobacterialinfections Childproofing Eosinophilicgastroenteropathies Children’sApperceptionTest Epiglottitis Choking D Erythroblastosisfetalis Cholesterol,high Erythromycins Daycare Circumcision Esophagealatresia Deathandmourning Cleftlipandpalate Exercise Decongestants Clubfoot Expectorants Dehydration Coagulationdisorders Extracorporealmembrane Dentaldevelopment Coarctationoftheaorta oxygenation Dentaltrauma Cochlearimplants Extracurricularactivities Dependentpersonalitydisorder Cognitivedevelopment Eyeandvisiondevelopment Depressivedisorders Coldsore Eyeglassesandcontactlenses Dermatitis Colic Dermatomyositis Colorblindness Developmenttests Commoncold F Developmentaldelay Commonvariable immunodeficiency Diabetesmellitus Failuretothrive Communicationskills Diaperrash FamilialMediterraneanfever Computedtomography Diarrhea Family Concussion DiGeorgesyndrome Familytherapy viii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH Fear Hemophilia Infantmortality L is Febrileseizures Hemophilusinfections Infectiousmononucleosis t o f Fetalalcoholsyndrome HepatitisA Influenza E n t Fetalhemoglobintest HepatitisB Insectstingallergy r ie Fever HepatitisBvaccine Intelligence s Feverofunknownorigin Hereditaryfructoseintolerance Intermittentexplosivedisorder Fifthdisease Hereditaryhemorrhagic Intersexstates Finemotorskills telangiectasia Intestinalobstructions Fingertipinjuries Hernia Intrauterinegrowthretardation Fluvaccine Herpessimplex Intravenousrehydration Fluoridation Hibvaccine Irondeficiencyanemia Folicacid High-riskpregnancy Irritablebowelsyndrome Foodallergiesandsensitivities Hirschsprung’sdisease Itching Foodpoisoning HistiocytosisX Foreignobjects HIVinfectionandAIDS Fostercare Hives J Fractures Homeschooling FragileXsyndrome Homosexualityandbisexuality Jaundice Friedreich’sataxia Hospitalization Juvenilearthritis Frostbiteandfrostnip Humanbiteinfections Hydrocephalus K Hyperglycemia G Hyperhidrosis Kawasakisyndrome Hyper-IgMsyndrome Klinefeltersyndrome Galactosemia Hypertension Gangs Hyperthyroidism Gastroenteritis Hypoglycemia L Gastroesophagealrefluxdisease Hypogonadism Genderconstancy Hypospadias Labyrinthitis Genderidentity Hypothyroidism Lactation Grossmotorskills Hypotonia Lactoseintolerance Growthhormonetests Languagedelay Languagedevelopment I Languagedisorders H Laxatives Idiopathicthrombocytopenic Handedness purpura Leadpoisoning Hand-eyecoordination Ileus Learningdisorders Hand-foot-mouthdisease Immobilization Leukemias,acute Headinjury Immunesystemdevelopment Leukemias,chronic HeadStartprograms Immunodeficiency Liceinfestation Headache Immunoglobulindeficiency Lipidoses Hearingimpairment syndromes Lisping Heartmurmurs Impetigo Listeriosis Heatdisorders Impulsecontroldisorders Lying Heavymetalpoisoning Inclusionconjunctivitis Lymedisease Heimlichmaneuver Infantmassage Lymphadenitis GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH ix s Patausyndrome e M N tri Patentductusarteriosus n E f Macrocephaly Nail-patellasyndrome Peeracceptance o st Magneticresonanceimaging Narcolepsy Peerpressure Li Malnutrition Narcoticdrugs Penicillins Malocclusion Nasaltrauma Perforatedeardrum Marfansyndrome Nauseaandvomiting Perinatalinfection Massagetherapy Near-drowning Periodontaldisease Mastoiditis Necrotizingenterocolitis Peroxisomaldisorders Masturbation Neonataljaundice Personalitydevelopment Maxillofacialtrauma Neonatalreflexes Personalitydisorders Measles Neurofibromatosis Pervasivedevelopmentaldisorders Meningitis Neurologicexam Phenylketonuria Meningococcalmeningitis Nightterrors vaccine Phobias Nightmares Meningococcemia Pica Nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory Menstruation Piercingandtattoos drugs Mentalretardation Pinta Nosebleed Methylphenidate Numbnessandtingling Pinworms Mineraldeficiency Nursemaid’selbow Pituitarydwarfism Mineraltoxicity Nutrition Pityriasisrosea Minerals Nystagmus Plateletcount MinnesotaMultiphasicPersonality Play Inventory Pneumonia Minorityhealth O Poisonivy,oak,andsumac Mitochondrialdisorders Poisoning MMRvaccine Obesity Polio Moles Obsessive-compulsivedisorder Mooddisorders Oligomenorrhea Poliovaccine Moraldevelopment Oppositionaldefiantdisorder Polydactylyandsyndactyly Motionsickness Oralcontraceptives Porphyrias Movementdisorders Oralhygiene Post-concussionsyndrome Mucopolysaccharidoses Orthodontics Prader-Willisyndrome Multiculturaleducation/curriculum Osteochondroses Precociouspuberty Multipleendocrineneoplasia Osteogenesisimperfecta Prematurity syndromes Osteopetroses Premenstrualsyndrome Multiplepregnancy Otitisexterna Prenataldevelopment Mumps Otitismedia Prenatalsurgery Munchausensyndrome Overhydration Preschool Musclespasmsandcramps Pricklyheat Musculardystrophy Protein-energymalnutrition Mutism P Psoriasis Myers-BriggsTypeIndicator Myopathies Pacifieruse Psychologicaltests Myopia Pain Psychosocialpersonalitydisorders Myotonicdystrophy Painmanagement Puberty Myringotomyandeartubes Parent-childrelationships Pulmonaryfunctiontests x GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH Shakenbabysyndrome Sunburn L R is Shigellosis Sunscreens t o f Rabies Shyness Sweattest En t Rabiesvaccine Siblingrivalry rie s Sicklecellanemia Rapeandsexualassault T Single-parentfamilies Rashes Sinusitis Rat-bitefever Tantrums Skeletaldevelopment Redbloodcellindices Tay-Sachsdisease Sleep Reflextests Televisionhabits Sleepdisorders Renalveinthrombosis Temperament Smokeinhalation Respiratorydistresssyndrome Testiculartorsion Smoking Respiratorysyncytialvirus Tetanus infection Socialcompetence Tetracyclines Retentioninschool Somnambulism TetralogyofFallot Retinoblastoma Sorethroat Thalassemia Reye’ssyndrome Spasticity ThematicApperceptionTest Rheumaticfever Specialeducation Therapeuticbaths Rhinitis Specificlanguageimpairment Throatculture Ringworm Speechdisorders Thumbsucking RockyMountainspottedfever Spinabifida Tics Roseola Spinalcordinjury Time-outprocedure Rotavirusinfections Spinalmuscularatrophy Toilettraining Rubella Sports Tonsillitis Runningaway Sportsinjuries Toothdecay Sprainsandstrains Toothache Stanford-Binetintelligence TORCHtest scales S Tourettesyndrome Staphylococcalinfections Toxicshocksyndrome Safety Stealing Toxoplasmosis Salmonellafoodpoisoning Stepfamilies Toys Sarcomas Stimulantdrugs Tracheoesophagealfistula Savantsyndrome Stomatitis Trachoma Scabies Strabismus Transpositionofthegreat Scarletfever Strangeranxiety arteries Schizophrenia Strepthroat Traumaticamputations Schoolphobia/schoolrefusal Streptococcalinfections Trichotillomania Scoliosis Stridor Truancy Seborrheicdermatitis Stroke Tuberculosis Securityobjects Sturge-Webersyndrome Tuberoussclerosis Seizuredisorder Stuttering Turnersyndrome Self-esteem Styesandchalazia Twins Self-mutilation Subduralhematoma Separationanxiety Substanceabuseanddependence Severecombined Suddeninfantdeathsyndrome U immunodeficiency Suicideandsuicidalbehavior Sexuallytransmitteddiseases Sulfonamides Undescendedtestes GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH xi