GEAMv3htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 1 GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA of A lTERNATIVE M EDICINE SECOND EDITION GEAMv3htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 3 G ALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA of A lternative M EDICINE SECOND EDITION V O L U M E 3 L-R JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page iv The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Second Edition Project Editor Rights Acquisition Management Composition and Electronic Prepress Jacqueline L. Longe Margaret Abendroth, Ann Taylor Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Editorial Imaging Manufacturing Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Laurie Fundukian, Erin Randy Bassett, Lezlie Light, Dan W. Newell, Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki Watts Robyn V. Young Indexing Editorial Support Services Product Design Synapse Corp. of Colorado Andrea Lopeman Michelle DiMercurio, Tracey Rowens ©2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson This publication is a creative work fully protect- 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Corporation. ed by all applicable copyright laws, as well as Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair condi- Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and tion, and other applicable laws. The authors Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all Gale is a registered trademark used herein and editors of this work have added value to copyright notices, the acknowledgments con- under license. the underlying factual material herein through stitute an extension of the copyright notice. 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Errors No part of this work covered by the copyright brought to the attention of the publisher and hereon may be reproduced or used in any form Permissions verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will or by any means—graphic, electronic, or me- Thomson Gale be corrected in future editions. chanical, including photocopying, recording, 27500 Drake Rd. taping, Web distribution, or information stor- Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 age retrieval systems—without the written per- Permissions Hotline: mission of the publisher. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe, project editor.-- 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-7424-9 (set hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7425-7 (v. 1 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7426-5 (v. 2 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7427-3 (v. 3 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7428-1 (v. 4 : alk. paper) 1. Alternative medicine--Encyclopedias. [DNLM: 1. Complementary Therapies--Encyclopedias--English. 2. Internal Medicine-- Encyclopedias--English. WB 13 G1507 2005] I. Title: Encyclopedia of alternative medicine. II. Longe, Jacqueline L. R733.G34 2005 615.5'03--dc22 2004022502 This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 7876-9396-0 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information ISBN 0-7876-7424-9(set) 0-7876-7425-7 (Vol. 1) 0-7876-7426-5 (Vol. 2) 0-7876-7427-3 (Vol. 3) 0-7876-7428-1 (Vol. 4) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii About the Encyclopedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Entries Volume 1:A-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Volume 2:D-K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Volume 3:L-R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 Volume 4:S-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523 Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2225 General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 V GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page vii LIST OF ENTRIES Apis Bates method A Apitherapy Bayberry Appendicitis Bedsores Abscess Applied kinesiology Bedwetting Acidophilus Apricot seed Bee pollen Acne Arginine Behavioral optometry Aconite Arnica Behavioral therapy Acupressure Aromatherapy Belladonna Acupuncture Arrowroot Beta-hydroxy Ademetionine Arsenicum album Beta-methylbutyric acid Adie’s pupil Art therapy Beta carotene African pygeum Agastache Ashwaganda Betaine hydrochloride Aging Asthma Bhakti yoga AIDS Astigmatism Bilberry Alcoholism Aston-Patterning Binge eating disorder Alexander technique Astragalus Biofeedback Alfalfa Atherosclerosis Bioflavonoids Alisma Athlete’s foot Biota Allergies Atkins diet Biotin Allium cepa Atractylodes (white) Bipolar disorder Aloe Attention-deficit hyperactivity dis- Bird flu order Alpha-hydroxy Bites and stings Aucklandia Alzheimer’s disease Bitter melon Auditory integration training Amino acids Bitters Aura therapy Andrographis Black cohosh Auriculotherapy Androstenedione Black currant seed oil Autism Anemarrhena Black haw Ayurvedic medicine Anemia Black walnut Angelica root Black cumin seed extract Angina Bladder cancer Anise Bladder infection B Ankylosing spondylitis Blessed thistle Anorexia nervosa Bad breath Blisters Anthroposophical medicine Balm of Gilead Blood poisoning Antioxidants Barberry Blood clots Anxiety Barley grass Bloodroot GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 VII GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page viii s Blue cohosh Cartilage supplements Coenzyme Q e 10 tri Body odor Castor oil Coix n f E Boils Cat’s claw Cold sores o t Bone spurs Cataracts Coleus s Li Bonemeal Catnip Colic Boneset Cayce systems Colloidal silver Borage oil Cayenne Colonic irrigation Boron Celiac disease Color therapy Boswellia Cell therapy Colorectal cancer Botanical medicine Cell salt therapy Colostrum Breast cancer Cellulite Coltsfoot Breastfeeding problems Cerebral vascular insufficiency Comfrey Breath therapy Cerebral palsy Common cold Breema Cervical dysplasia Conjunctivitis Brewer’s yeast Chakra balancing Constipation Bromelain Chamomile Contact dermatitis Bronchitis Charcoal,activated Copper Bruises Chasteberry tree Coptis Bruxism Chelated minerals Cordyceps Chelation therapy Bryonia Corns and calluses Chemical poisoning Buchu Cornsilk Cherry bark Buckthorn Cornus Chickenpox Bugleweed Corydalis Chickweed Bulimia nervosa Cotton root bark Chicory Bunions Cough Childbirth Burdock root Cradle cap Childhood nutrition Burns Cramp bark Chills Bursitis Cranberry Chinese massage Butcher’s broom Craniosacral therapy Chinese system of food cures Buteyko Creatine Chinese thoroughwax Crohn’s disease Chinese yam Croup Chinese foxglove root Crystal healing Chiropractic C Cupping Chlamydia Curanderismo Cadmium poisoning Chlorella Cuscuta Caffeine Cholesterol Cuts and scratches Calcarea carbonica Chondroitin Cymatic therapy Calcium Christian Science healing Cyperus Calendula Chromium Cancer Chronic fatigue syndrome Cancer treatments,biological Chrysanthemum flower Candidiasis Chymotrypsin D Canker sores Cicada Cantharis Cinnamon bark Damiana Carnitine Cirrhosis Dance therapy Carotenoids Cnidium seeds Dandelion Carpal tunnel syndrome Codonopsis root Dandruff VIII GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page ix Deglycyrrhizanated licorice Evening primrose oil Gelsemium L is Dementia Evodia fruit Genital herpes t o f Depression Exercise Genital warts E n Dermatitis Eyebright Gentiana tr ie Detoxification Geriatric massage s Devil’s claw Gerson therapy DHEA Ginger Diabetes mellitus F Ginkgo biloba Diamond diet Ginseng,American Facial massage Diaper rash Ginseng,Korean Fasting Diarrhea Ginseng,Siberian Fatigue Diathermy Glaucoma Feldenkrais Diets Glucosamine Feng shui Digestive enzymes Glutamine Fennel Diverticulitis Glutathione Fenugreek Dizziness Goldenrod Ferrum phosphoricum Dolomite Goldenseal Fever Dong quai Gonorrhea Feverfew Dry mouth Gotu kola Fibrocystic breast disease Dyslexia Gout Fibromyalgia Dysmenorrhea Grains-of-paradise fruit Fish oil Grape skin 5-HTP Grape seed extract Flaxseed Grapefruit seed extract Flower remedies E Green tea Fo ti Folic acid Guggul Ear infection Food poisoning Guided imagery Earache Foxglove Gulf War syndrome Echinacea Fractures Gum disease Eczema French green clay Gymnema Edema Fritillaria Elder Frostbite and frostnip Electroacupuncture Fungal infections Elimination diet H Emphysema Endometriosis Hair loss Energy medicine Hangover G Environmental therapy Hatha yoga Enzyme therapy Gallstones Hawthorn Ephedra Gamma-linoleic acid Hay fever Epididymitis Gangrene Headache Epilepsy Ganoderma Hearing loss Epimedium Gardenia Heart disease Essential fatty acids Garlic Heart attack Essential oils Gas Heartburn Essiac tea Gastritis Heavy metal poisoning Eucalyptus Gastrodia Heel spurs Eucommia bark Gastroenteritis Hellerwork GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 IX GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page x s Hemorrhoids Infant massage e tri Hepar sulphuris Infections L n f E Hepatitis Infertility Labyrinth walking st o Herbalism,Western Inflammatory bowel disease Lachesis Li Herbalism,traditional Chinese Influenza Lacto-ovo vegetarianism Herniated disk Ingrown nail Laryngitis Hiatal hernia Insomnia Lavender Hibiscus Insulin resistance Lazy eye Hiccups Iodine Lead poisoning High sensitivity C reactive protein Ipecac test Learning disorders Ipriflavone High-fiber diet Lecithin Iridology Hives Ledum Iron Hodgkin’s disease Lemon balm Irritable bowel syndrome Holistic dentistry Lemongrass Holistic medicine Ischemia Leukemia Homeopathy Itching Lice infestation Homeopathy,acute prescribing Licorice Homeopathy,constitutional pre- Light therapy scribing Linoleic acid Honeysuckle J Livingston-Wheeler therapy Hops Jaundice Lobelia Horehound Jet lag Lomatium Horse chestnut Jock itch Lomilomi Horsetail Jojoba oil Lou Gehrig’s disease Hot flashes Journal therapy Low back pain Humor therapy Juice therapies Lung cancer Huna Juniper Lutein Hydrotherapy Hypercortisolemia Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Lycium fruit Lycopene Hyperopia Lycopodium Hyperparathyroidism Lyme disease Hypertension K Lymphatic drainage Hyperthermia Hyperthyroidism Lysimachia Kali bichromicum Hypnotherapy Lysine Kampo medicine Hypoglycemia Kaposi’s sarcoma Hypothyroidism Kava kava Hyssop Kegel exercises M Kelley-Gonzalez diet Kelp Macrobiotic diet Kidney stones Macular degeneration I Kidney infections Magnesium Iceland moss Kirlian photography Magnetic therapy Ignatia Knee pain Magnolia Immuno-augmentation therapy Kneipp wellness Maitake Impetigo Kola nut Malaria Impotence Kombucha Malignant lymphoma Indigestion Kudzu Manganese X GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xi Marijuana Natrum muriaticum Panchakarma L is Marsh mallow Natural hygiene diet Pancreatitis t o f Martial arts Natural hormone replacement ther- Panic disorder E n Massage therapy apy Pantothenic acid tr McDougall diet Naturopathic medicine Parasitic infections ies Measles Nausea Parkinson’s disease Meditation Neck pain Parsley Mediterranean diet Neem Passionflower Medium-chain triglycerides Nettle Past-life therapy Melatonin Neural therapy Pau d’arco Memory loss Neuralgia Pelvic inflammatory disease Meniere’s disease Neurolinguistic programming Pennyroyal Meningitis Niacin Peppermint Menopause Night blindness Peripheral neuropathy Menstruation Noni Periwinkle Mercurius vivus Nosebleeds Pet therapy Mesoglycan Notoginseng root Phlebitis Metabolic therapies Nutmeg Phobias Methionine Nutrition Phosphorus Nux vomica Pilates Mexican yam Pinched nerve Migraine headache Pine bark extract Milk thistle Pinellia Mind/Body medicine O Pityriasis rosea Mistletoe Placebo effect Mononucleosis Oak Plantain Morning sickness Obesity Pleurisy Motherwort Obsessive-compulsive disorder Pneumonia Motion sickness Omega-3 fatty acids Polarity therapy Movement therapy Omega-6 fatty acids Postpartum depression Moxibustion Ophiopogon Post-traumatic stress disorder MSM Oregano essential oil Potassium Mugwort leaf Ornish diet Pranic healing Mullein Ortho-bionomy Prayer and spirituality Multiple chemical sensitivity Orthomolecular medicine Pregnancy Multiple sclerosis Osha Pregnancy massage Mumps Osteoarthritis Premenstrual syndrome Muscle spasms and cramps Osteopathy Prickly heat Music therapy Osteoporosis Prickly pear cactus Myopia Ovarian cancer Pritikin diet Myotherapy Ovarian cysts Probiotics Myrrh Oxygen/Ozone therapy Prolotherapy Prostate enlargement Prostate cancer Psoriasis N P Psychoneuroimmunology Narcolepsy Pain Psychophysiology Native American medicine Paleolithic diet Psychosomatic medicine GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XI GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xii s Psychotherapy Russian massage Sneezing e tri Psyllium Ruta Snoring n f E Pulsatilla Sodium o t Pulse diagnosis Somatics s Li Pyridoxine Sore throat S Sound therapy South Beach diet Safflower flower Soy protein Saffron Q Spearmint Sage Spinal manipulative therapy Qigong Saliva sample testing Spirulina Quan yin Sargassum seaweed Sports massage Sassafras Sprains and strains Saw palmetto Squawvine Scabies St. John’s wort R Scallion Staphylococcal infections Scarlet fever Rabies Sties Schisandra Radiation injuries Stomachaches Schizophrenia Radiesthesia Stone massage Sciatica Radionics Strep throat Rashes Scoliosis Stress Raspberry Seasonal affective disorder Stroke Raynaud’s syndrome Selenium Substance abuse and dependence Red cedar Senior nutrition Sulfur Red clover Senna Suma Red yeast rice extract Sensory deprivation Sun’s soup Reflexology Sensory integration disorder Sunburn Reiki Sepia Swedish massage Reishi mushroom Sesame oil Sweet clover Relaxation Sexual dysfunction Swimmer’s ear Rescue Remedy Shamanism Syntonic optometry Restless leg syndrome Sheep sorrel Syphilis Retinal detachment Shiatsu Systemic lupus erythematoses Retinopathy Shiitake mushroom Rheumatic fever Shin splints Rheumatoid arthritis Shingles Rhinitis Shintaido T Rhubarb root Sick building syndrome T’ai chi Rhus toxicodendron Sickle cell anemia Tangerine peel Riboflavin Silica Tea tree oil Rolfing Sinus infection Teenage nutrition Rosacea Sjögren’s syndrome Teething problems Rose hip Skin cancer Temporomandibular joint syn- Rosemary Skullcap drome Rosen method Sleep apnea Tendinitis Royal jelly Sleep disorders Tennis elbow Rubella Slippery elm Tetanus Rubenfeld synergy Smoking Thai massage XII GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2