..... ' - The Frontier Gandhi His Place in History Google Original from 0191tiz by UNIVERSITY Of MICHIGAN Google Ong1nal from 0191tiz•d by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The Frontier Gandhi His Place in History MS~rejo KARACHI OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD NEW YORK DELHI 1993 Google Origlr.al from 01g1tizea by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP OXFORD NEW YORK TORONTO DELHI BOMBAY CALClJITA MADRAS KARACHI KUALA LUMPUR SINGAPORE HONG KONG TOKYO NAIROBI DAR FS SALAAM CAPE TOWN MELBOURNE AUCKLAND MADRID and associated companies in BERLIN IBADAN Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press © Uxtord University Press, 1993 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or rover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. First Edition 1993 ISBN 019 577461 2 Printed at Mueid Packages, Karachi. Published by Oxford University Press 5-Bangalore Town, Sharae Faisal P.O. Box 13033, Karachi-75350, Pakistan. Google Original frcm 01gitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN While I wrote this book, the world did not stand still, thanks to Sajideh, to whom I dedicate this work. Google Original from 0191tiz by UNIVERSITY Of MICHIGAN Google Ong1nal from 0191tiz•d by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Contents pa gt Foreword IX . Preface XI Introduction 1 1. From the Oxus to the Indus 10 2. Indian National Congress 20 3. Bacha Khan and Mahatma Gandhi 47 4. Badshah Khan and Religion 72 5. The Two-Nation Theory 83 6. Communal Riots 106 7. Badshah Khan and the Pakistan Movement 132 8. Badshah Khan and Abul Kalam Azad 160 9. Pakhtunistan and Referendum 178 10. Pakhtunistan-Rule of the Pathan by the Pathan and for the Pathan 195 11. Pakhtunistart-lndo-Afghan Factor 215 Epilogue 229 Glossary 241 Index 247 Google Origlr.al from 01g1tizea by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Google Ong1nal from 0191tiz•d by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Foreword I had the privilege of observing Mr Korejo's keen sense of political perception as far back as 1945-6, during the crucial elections, while he was completing his college education. Subsequently, he joined the Forest Service and it seems that in the solitude of the forests and national parks a political critic was quietly taking shape in him. However, his urge to give concrete expression to his analytical mind remained dormant till 1973, when he joined the foreign service. In undertaking the present work, he has embarked on a difficult mission; Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, like Mahatma Gandhi, was a controversial personality. Both were aware of the pitfalls of their mission. But both stood their ground, despite opposition from their own people, till the end of their lives. Thus, the very selection of the topic of the book, in itself, is a bold initiative on the part of the author, which should not only be appreciated but also emulated by ·political critics. Leaders and parties must be subjected to objective analysis in a dispassionate manner, as a service to the cause of democracy. This breed of authors stimulates self-analysis and in-party evaluation-an exercise which has unfortunately been neglected so far. The age of dogmatism, self-righteousness and hero worship in our political culture must now come to an end. There is a need to change our outlook, based on pragmatism and realism, in conformity with the fast-changing political scenario all over the world. Political personalities in Pakistan have received a partisan deal, in as much as they have been projected as heroes by their supporters and condemned as villains by their opponents. Balanced and unbiased judgements on them have been rare. In such a partisan political setting. Mr Korejo's pen picture of Bacha Khan is a refreshing departure from the beaten track.. He has broken new ground by evaluating Bacha Khan's political Google Origlr.al from 01g1tizea by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN x FOREWORD mission in a manner worthy of his outstanding calibre. Some of the author's conclusion and comments may not be in consonance with the perceptions and findings of others. But, as suggested by the author himself, no political personality is above controversy, and the final judgement must be left to history. Much of the political confrontation in Pakistan is caused by the rigid positions adopted by parties and their leaders. They tend to see issues in absolute black or in absolute white. Such inflexibility closes the doors to dialogue. Our intellectuals must come forward, explore the grey areas, locate the meeting points and guide the politicians to the avenues of mutual accommodation. I am happy to find such pointers in Mr Korejo's effort. A word about the title of the book. The Frontier Gandhi symbolises Bacha Khan's association with Mahatma Gandhi, whose greatness is recognized and who influenced Bacha Khan's life and mission. Difference of opinion about both existed before independence and persists even now. But that need not minimise our recognition that Bacha Khan was indeed a fearless leader of the independence movement. If his sacrifices to the cause of freedom are given due place in our history, that will advance the goal of federalism and national integration. Karachi 27 April 1992. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Google Origlr.al from 01g1tizea by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN