THE FREUD READER edited b y PETER GAY w • W • NORTON & COMPANY • New York • London Copyright © 1989 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Norton paperback edition reissued 1995 Selections on pages 55, 89, and 111 are excerpted by pennission of the publishers from The Complete Letters 0/ Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, © 1985 Sigmund Freud Copyright, Ud., and Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson. Selections on pages 86, 129,539, and 772 are excerpted by pennission of the publishers Hogarth Press, Ud. Selections on pages 48, 60, 78, 96,117,172,239,293,297,301,309,351,356, 363,378,387, 394,400,429,436,514,522,545,562,568,572,584,589,661, 666, and 670 are excerpted by pennission of the publishers Basic Books, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Freud, Sigrnund, 1856-1939. [Selections. English. 1989] The Freud reader / edited by Peter Gay. p. ern. I. Psyehoanalysis. 1. Gay, Peter, 1923- 11. Tide. BF173.F6255 1989 150.19'52-dc19 89-2949 ISBN 0-393-31403-0 W W. Norton & Company, Ine. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 www.wwnorton.com W W Norton & Company Ltd. Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London WIT 3QT 1234567890 Ta Gladys Tapkis Reader-and Friend Contents Preface XI Introduction Xll1 Sigmund Freud: A Chronology XXXI A Note on Symbols and Abbreviations xlix OVERTURE An Autobiographical Study· 3 PART ONE: MAKING OF A PSYCHOANALYST Preface to the Translation of Bernheim's Suggestion * 45 Charcot* 48 Draft B 55 Josef Breuer • Anna 0," 60 Katharina • 78 Projeet for a Seientifie Psyehology" 86 Draft K 89 The Aetiology of Hysteria • 96 Letters to Fliess 111 Sereen Memories • 117 PART lWO: THE CLASSIC THEORY The Interpretation of Dreams * 129 On Dreams * 142 Fragment of an Analysis of a Cas e of Hysteria ("Dora") * 172 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality* 239 Charaeter and Anal Erotism 293 Family Romanees 297 " excerpt or abridgement viii CoNTENTS Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning 301 PART THREE: THERAPY AND TECHNIQUE Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis ("Rat Man") and Process Notes for the Case History * 309 'Wild' Psycho-Analysis 351 Recommendations to Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis 356 On Beginning the Treatment * 363 Observations on Transference-Love* 378 A Special Type of Choice of Object Made by Men (Contributions to the Psychology of Love I) 387 On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love (Contributions to the Psychology of Love 11) * 394 From the History of an Infantile Neurosis ("Wolf Man")* 400 PART FOUR: PSYCHOANALYSIS IN CULT U RE Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices 429 Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming 436 Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood * 44 3 Totem and Taboo * 481 The Theme of the Three Caskets 514 The Moses of Michelangelo* 522 Contribution to a Questionnaire on Reading 539 PART FIVE: TRANSITIONS AND REVISIONS On Narcissism: An Introduction* 545 Instincts and Their Vicissitudes * 562 Repression * 568 The Unconscious· 572 Mouming and Melancholia 584 Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work: [The Exceptions] 589 Beyond the Pleasure Principle * 594 CoNTENTS IX Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego [Introduction] 626 The Ego and the Id*: 628 PART SIX: THE LAST CHAPTER The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex 661 Negation 666 Some Psychical Consequences of the'! Anatomical Distinction Between the Sexes 670 The Question of Lay Analysis [Postscript] 678 The Future of an Illusion 685 Civilization and Its Discontents " 722 Letter to the Burgomaster of PHbor 772 Lecture XXXII: Anxiety and Instinctual Life * 773 Lecture XXXV: The Question of a Weltanschauung· 783 Postscript 796 Selected Bibliography 799 Index 803 Preface Sigmund Freud-along with Kar! Marx, Char!es Darwin, and Albert Einstein-is among that small handful of supreme makers of the twen tieth-century mind whose works should be our prized possession. Yet, voluminous, diverse, and at times technical, Freud's writings have not been as widely read as they deserve to be; most of those who may claim direct acquaintance with them have limited their acquaintance to his late essay Civilization and Its Discontents. Others have contented them selves with compendia, popularizations, even comic books attempting to make Freud and his ideas palatable, even easy. That is a pity, for he was a great stylist and equally great scientist. Hence it can be pleasurable, and it is certainly essential, to know Freud, not merely to know about hirn. The Freud Reader is designed to repair such unmerited and unfor tunate neglect. It is the first truly comprehensive survey of Freud's writings, using not some dated and discredited translations but the au thoritative versions in the twenty-four-volume Standard Edition of Freud's Psychological Writings. It is the Standard Edition, the Bible for psychoanalysts in the English-speaking world, to which students of Freud, whether psychiatrists or social workers, philosophers or aesthe ticians, literary critics or cultural anthropologists, historians or political scientists, inescapably turn. lts notes have proved so copious and so dependable that arecent twelve-volume German edition of Freud, the Studienausgabe, has simply copied them; in this Freud Reader, I have supplemented them only wherever it seemed necessary to offer an even fuHer explanation. To make Freud all the more accessible, I have furnished this Reader with a substantial general introduction designed to place the man and his work in his time and culture and with a no less substantial chronology recording not merely all the significant dates in Freud's life but equally significant dates in European culture and politics. In addition, I have supplied each selection with introductory paragraphs and conclude the Reader with a selected bibliography that contains all the titIes I mention in my introductions, and more. All this explanatory material should help to pierce the barriers that have hitherto kept a wider public from xii PREFACE appreciating Freud's originality, savoring his wit, and recognizing his versatility . That versatility is positively awe-inspiring: though, of course, prin cipally known as the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud did not confine his thinking, and writing, to the suffering men and women he saw before hirn on the couch day after day. It is true that his case histories, his papers on psychoanalytic technique, and his theoretical papers are at the heart of his thought. But he developed a theory of mind that he thought explained all of mental activity, normal and neurotic alike, and he applied that theory to virtually every aspect of culture: to the arts, to literature, to biography, to mythology, to religion, to politics, to edu cation, to the law, to prehistory. The Freud Reader, in addition to covering Freud's psychoanalytic evolution, also faithfully reflects these wider concems. It does so not with anemic snippets but with lengthy excerpts, at times with complete papers. Each of the more than fifty selections in this Reader is a facet of a complex whole-Freud's thought. All together they should give a fair, far from fragmentary sense of that whole. Since Freud's thought developed, matured, and changed, the only responsible way into that thought, it seems to me, is chronological. Hence I have chosen to present Freud's writings in striet sequence with one exception: I have enlisted substantial excerpts from his "Au tobiographical Study," published in 1925 when Freud was sixty-nine, to serve as a lively and trustworthy overture to the rest of his work from the l880s ~o the 1930s. I owe particular thanks to two friends for helping me shape this Reader: Richard Kuhns, my former colleague at Columbia University, and Oon ald Lamm, my publisher and editor. PETER GAY