Project Gutenberg's The Fourteenth of July and Danton, by Romain Rolland This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Fourteenth of July and Danton Two Plays of the French Revolution Author: Romain Rolland Translator: Barrett H. Clark Release Date: July 14, 2015 [EBook #49438] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY AND DANTON *** Produced by Marc D'Hooghe at http://www.freeliterature.org (Images generously made available by the Internet Archive.) THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY AND DANTON TWO PLAYS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BY ROMAIN ROLLAND AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION WITH A PREFACE BY BARRETT H. CLARK LONDON GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD. 1919 CONTENTS ROMAIN ROLLAND AND THE PEOPLE'S THEATER THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY (Le 14 Juillet) DANTON (Danton) ROMAIN ROLLAND AND THE PEOPLE'S THEATER It is perhaps a little surprising to learn that the author of Jean-Christophe has written at least sixteen full-length plays. Most of these, it is true, antedate the publication of the first parts of his epoch-making novel, but since nothing that comes from the brain of Romain Rolland can fail to possess significance and interest, a brief inquiry into his dramatic writings and theories on the drama will reveal an aspect of the man which has hitherto strangely enough scarcely been touched upon. His plays for a people's theater, and his book of projects, are as integral a part of his development as Jean-Christophe itself. The life of M. Rolland seems to have been a perpetual struggle between conflicting mental forces: for years he read philosophy, and suffered agonies before he at last found himself spiritually; until the completion of Jean-Christophe he was a prey to doubts regarding the utility of art and the end of life. He applied in turn to the great master-minds of the world—Empedocles, Spinoza, Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Beethoven, Tolstoy—seeking for a satisfactory philosophy of life. Small wonder, therefore, that his work should bear the imprint of the masters who have at one time or another been his guides and inspiration. His two years' sojourn in Rome, from 1890 to 1892, awakened a passionate interest in the Italian Renaissance, which he immediately translated into plays. It is likely that Orsino, Les Baglioni, and Le Siège de Mantoue, plays of the Renaissance, were inspired by Shakespeare, for whose historical dramas M. Rolland professes a decided partiality. The plays are not published, but if we can judge from the fact that Mounet-Sully wished to produce Orsino, they must have shown some of the power of the later plays. At Rome he was associated with the aged revolutionist Malwida von Meysenbug, whom he had met at Versailles some time before, and doubtless the story of her eventful life had its part in shaping his Ideals. Four other plays—three of them on classical subjects—belong to this period: Niobe, Caligula, Empédocle, and Jeanne de Piennes. It is probable that these also belonged to the writer's period of apprenticeship. At the end of M. Rolland's stay in Rome he went to the Wagner Festival at Bayreuth, in company with Malwida. Even at this time he was already dreaming of a new theater in France, and his theoretical writings of later times bear unmistakable proof of the impression made upon him by the Bayreuth theater and Wagner's epoch-making ideas on art and the people. After his marriage in 1892 Romain Rolland returned to Italy, where he gathered material for his thesis, which he presented and successfully upheld at the Sorbonne in 1895. His subject was The Origins of the Modern Lyric Theater. History of the Opera in Europe Before Lully and Scarlatti. This he published in book form in 1895. But in addition to his university studies and his lectures, he found time to experiment with the dramatic form, and in 1896 he published his Saint Louis. As this was later included in a volume called Tragedies of Faith—Les Tragédies de la Foi—together with two other plays, he evidently conceived it as-one of a series of works based upon a single underlying idea. Saint Louis depicts, in the author's own words, "religious exaltation." In Saint Louis and the two other plays which accompany it—Aërt and Le Triomphe de la Raison—"One can observe the presence of the main currents and passions of the French youth of today." All three show "the ardor of sacrifice, but a sacrifice which is courageous, militant: a double reaction against cowardice of thought and cowardice of action, against skepticism and against the relinquishment of the great destiny of the nation." But in spite of this "program," M. Rolland is an artist far too austere to write thesis-plays; he has often spoken in contempt of them. Nor did he in the least appeal to the great public; for his plays have as yet not proved acceptable to them. Saint Louis is a beautiful poem, not a tragedy after all, but a triumph, for no hero may see the fruits of his labor, and if a temporary failure seems for a moment to cloud the sky, it is only temporary. This is the message of Saint Louis. The good monarch who, "dying at the foot of the mountain, sees Jerusalem only through the eyes of his army," is a figure of hope. Aërt takes us from the time of the Crusades to "an imaginary Holland of the seventeenth century." Aërt, the son of a murdered patriot, is imprisoned by his father's assassin; he makes a vain effort to rally the forces of the opposition, and at last, free from all that is vile in life, he throws himself from the window. Le Triomphe de la Raison belongs, so far as the subject is concerned, to the Revolutionary plays. As an afterpiece to Le 14 Juillet, Danton, and Les Loups, it shows the Revolution "devouring itself"—to translate literally the author's own comment. So far as it depicts the excesses into which faith can lead men, it is a tragedy, but there is an implication of progress in the characters whose fate is bound up with that of the Revolution, even those who fell prey to the blood-lust of the Girondist massacres. The Théâtre de la Revolution includes the three Revolutionary plays I have just mentioned. They were written not as experiments for some vague stage dreamed by the author, but for theatrical production before the people, the masses of France. That they were not wholly successful matters little; Romain Rolland might well refer us to the "moral" of Saint Louis: he has opened a new field and laid before his countrymen—perhaps the world—an ideal which may well require half a century to bear fruit. The idea of writing a series of plays on the French Revolution was suggested to M. Rolland by a decree of the Committee of Public Safety, dated March 10, 1794: 1. That the Théâtre-Français shall henceforward be solely dedicated to productions given by and for the people at stated intervals each month: 2. That the building shall bear the following inscription on its façade: PEOPLE'S THEATER, and that the various troupes of actors already established in the Paris theaters shall be requisitioned in turn to act in these popular productions, which are to take place three times in every decade. A few weeks later there appeared another decree, inviting the poets "to celebrate the principal events of the French Revolution, to compose Republican plays, and picture for posterity the great epochs of the regeneration of the French, and give to history that solid character which is fitting for the annals of a great people who have fought victoriously for their liberty, in spite of the opposition of all the tyrants of Europe." "All these projects for Republican art," says M. Rolland, "fell, on the 9th of Thermidor, together with the chiefs of the Republic." When, early in 1903, Romain Rolland and a few associates began writing for the Revue d'Art Dramatique a series of articles on the people's theater, they were merely "following the tradition interrupted by the events of the Revolution; and it was but natural that one of them was led to select the Revolution itself as the natural subject for popular productions. The three plays were to have been part of a dramatic cycle on the Revolution—a sort of epic comprising ten plays. Le 14 Juillet was the first page, and Danton, the center, the decisive crisis, wherein the reason of the chiefs of the Revolution seemed to waver, and their common faith be sacrificed to personal hatred. In Les Loups, where the Revolution is depicted on the field of battle, and in Le Triomphe de la Raison, where it goes out into the provinces in pursuit of the Girondin proscripts, it devours itself." Thus M. Holland. The remaining plays are three in number, and inferior in dramatic and literary quality to the six just discussed. The first of these is an anti-war propaganda piece, Le Temps viendra, published in 1903, and inspired by the Boer war. La Montespan, a French historical drama, followed in 1904, and Les Trois Amoureuses, also based upon history, in 1906. In order to grasp the full significance of M. Holland's plays it will be necessary to consider his interesting book, Le Théâtre du Peuple. Ever since the early eighties M. Holland had been a staunch admirer and in some ways a disciple of Tolstoy. The young Frenchman, however, expressed his doubts to the Russian, and in 1887 Tolstoy wrote a long letter which was, according to one of M. Holland's biographers, a sort of preliminary sketch for What Is Art? And when that astounding book appeared, with its iconoclastic attacks on M. Holland's idols, he was at first prone to disagree, but Le Théâtre du Peuple is ample proof that "literature for the people" had sunk deep into the Frenchman's heart. The theater, in common with most modern art, is a whitened sepulcher, rotten to the core, affected, aristocratic, anti-democratic. The evil is not only in the plays, but in acting and the physical arrangement of the playhouse itself. New plays must be written for the masses, plays which they can understand, plays which bring them together as a class and in which they can participate. M. Rolland briefly considers the dramatic masterpieces of the world, from Sophocles to the comedies of the boulevard, and finds them, with rare exceptions, unsuited to the people. Even Shakespeare and Schiller are lifeless: they belong to past epochs, and express ideas foreign to the French workingmen of the twentieth century. The playhouses, too, are built for a society divided into classes; these must be altered to suit the workingmen. Says M. Rolland in the preface to the first edition: "Of late there has been an attempt to found a People's Theater in Paris. Already personal and political interests have begun to make themselves evident. But we must unflinchingly destroy the parasites who seek a living at the expense of our theater. The People's Theater is not a fashionable toy; it is no game for dilettanti. It is the imperious expression of a new society, its voice and thought; it is, as a result of circumstances, the war-machine against an ageing and fossilized society. Let there be no misunderstanding: we must not merely open up new old theaters, bourgeois theaters endeavoring to appear new merely by calling themselves people's theaters. We must found a theater by and for the people, a new art for a new world." Having tested the plays of the past and found them wanting, M. Rolland set himself the task of supplying plays for his projected people's theater. As we have seen, he went to the Revolution, and wrote plays which would appeal to the masses. But these plays must also be acted by the people, and M. Rolland proceeded to make the people a character, a great composite crowd, participating as The People. In Le 14 Juillet, The People are the protagonist, and the taking of the Bastille afforded him ample opportunity for utilizing them. In Danton they are rather implied until the last act, while in Les Loups and Le Triomphe de la Raison they hover in the background and determine the course of events: they are always near at hand, although they do not appear on the stage. M. Holland must of course be a confirmed enemy to our star-system, and there is, even in the hero-play of Danton, a fairly even distribution of parts. The effect is at first somewhat disconcerting, and the plays seem a trifle discursive and rambling, but this is doubtless due to the fact that we are accustomed to the Sardou method of handling historical themes. There is no conventional plot, and the love- interest, as developed in such a play as Patrie, is conspicuously absent. In its stead there is greater breadth of touch, a solider framework, a broader canvas; and the artist, we instinctively feel, is better able to depict a great movement like the Revolution than if he were confined to raveling and unraveling a plot. Possibly M. Rolland's ignorance of or disdain for the tricks of the dramatist's trade has lessened the purely dramatic tension of occasional scenes, but, on the other hand, he has drawn characters—Hoche, Desmoulins, Danton, Robespierre, among others—which Sardou and the rest could scarcely have conceived. The lovable weakness of Desmoulins, the dynamic and superhuman power of Danton, have never been so vividly set forth as in these plays, and the Revolution, so often exposed as a series of more or less exciting events, stands forth as the most human of all stories. While it is true that M. Rolland recognizes the motive power of the people in the first two plays of his Revolutionary cycle, and while they direct and influence practically every event, he is not blind to the excesses into which they fell, and the last two plays, Les Loups and Le Triomphe de la Raison, to some extent show the degeneration of the people. Les Loups is perhaps, from the purely theatrical viewpoint, the best play M. Rolland ever wrote; it treats of the moral decay of the Revolutionists, and the situation developed is as gripping as any of Henry Bernstein's famous second acts. A former nobleman is suspected of treachery by his fellow officers, and a pretext readily found to kill him. At the last moment one of his comrades discovers that he is innocent; however, in order to conceal the treachery of a successful Revolutionary general, he is sacrificed. Le Triomphe de la Raison is similar in theme. No attempt at dramatic reform, no theory, no ideal—whatever its eventual worth—ought to obscure the fact that all of M. Rolland's plays are unsuccessful from the viewpoint of production. Good reading they undoubtedly make; literature they assuredly are, but they have not pleased audiences for consecutive days, weeks, and months. This does not of necessity damn them, but it should cause us to ask whether or not they belong to that class of hybrids, the closet-drama. M. Rolland's first mistake was in writing plays for a hypothetical and practically nonexistent public. The first edition of Le Théâtre du Peuple concludes with these words: "Do you want a people's art? Then begin by having a people!" France is in many ways an aristocratic country with an aristocratic art; it is but natural, therefore, that all reform should be slower than in younger countries; and M. Rolland in his impatience attempted the impossible. In trying to avoid what was conventional in the French drama, he restricted himself to a more or less formless medium, and the people who saw his plays missed what they were accustomed to see: a well-defined story. What success would have attended his innovations in another country it is hard to say; what success will attend him if he perseveres, seems easier to predict. The past five years have witnessed a profound change in French thought and art, and perhaps Romain Rolland will once more find his faith justified in a new France where the people shall have a theater of their own. Meantime, his ideas have spread to other lands and there borne the fruit he had hoped would flourish in his own beloved France. BARRETT H. CLARK. THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY (LE 14 JUILLET) A Play in Three Acts Pour qu'une nation soit libre. il suffit qu'elle le veuille. LA FAYETTE. 11th July. 1789. [Le 14 Juillet was produced in Paris in 1902.] Dedicated to the People of Paris. AUTHOR'S NOTE The author has sought moral truth in this play rather than anecdotic exactitude. He has seen fit to take greater liberty with the action, which is developed in the poetry of popular legend, than in Danton. In that play, he applied himself to the development of the psychology of certain characters, for the whole drama is concentrated in the souls of three or four great men. It is otherwise with the present work: individuals disappear in the great ocean of the people. If you wish to represent a tempest, you must not describe each wave, but a whole angry sea: an exact rendering of details is much less important than the passionate sweeping truth of the whole. There is something false and insulting to the intelligence in the disproportionate place given nowadays to historic anecdotes, tiny incidents, and the dust shaken out of the pages of history, all of which is emphasized at the expense of the human side. It is my ideal to resuscitate the forces of the past, reveal once more the springs of action, and not to offer a cold and denatured miniature to the curious who care more for externals than for the soul of the hero. I have endeavored to make live again the heroism and the faith of the nation in the throes of the Revolution during the Republican epoch, in order that we, a nation of greater maturity and more than ever conscious of the great destiny that awaits us, may continue and finish the work interrupted in 1794. If we are strong enough to realize this, we are strong enough to do our best toward the accomplishment of our task. The end of art is not dreams, but life. Action should spring from the spectacle of action. June, 1901. CAST OF CHARACTERS LA CONTAT GONCHON LUCILE DUPLESSIS DE FLUE MARIE BOUJU, THE FRUIT-DEALER BÉQUART FIRST WOMAN OF THE PEOPLE ROBESPIERRE SECOND WOMAN OF THE PEOPLE A MANIAC FIRST WOMAN A PORTER SECOND WOMAN A NOTARY THIRD WOMAN A FRENCH GUARD A YOUNG GIRL A STUDENT LITTLE JULIE A VAGABOND HOCHE A SHOPKEEPER HULIN FIRST NEWS-CRIER MARAT SECOND NEWS-CRIER CAMILLE DESMOULINS AN ABBÉ VINTIMILLE FIRST BOURGEOIS DE LAUNEY SECOND BOURGEOIS THE MAN THIRD BOURGEOIS FOURTH BOURGEOIS The People: French Guards, Swiss Guards, Pensioners, Carpenters, Workingmen, Children, etc. SCENE: Paris from the 12th to the 14th July, 1789. Act I. At the Palais-Royal, Sunday morning, 12th July. Act II. The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Monday night and Tuesday morning, 13th-14th July. Act III. The Bastille, Tuesday the 14th July, from four to seven P.M. ACT I [The Garden of the Palais-Royal, seen from the Cafe de Foy. It is Sunday the 12th of July, 1789. At the back is the "Cirque"; at the right, a fountain, playing. Between the "Cirque" and the promenades running round the Palais-Royal is a row of trees. The shopkeepers stand before their shops, which are hung with patriotic emblems: "At the Sign of the Great Necker," "At the Sign of the National Assembly," etc. Women, with breasts, shoulders, and arms bare, and wearing immense bouquets, walk about among the crowd displaying their charms. Newsdealers cry out the news; gambling-house keepers appear here and there in dressing-gowns, escorted by men armed with clubs; swindlers brazenly slip between groups of people with their folding tabourets, stop for an instant, display a trick, bring out sacks of silver, then quickly disappear into the surging mass. The crowds are nervously shifting about, sitting at the cafes, jumping up and around, and ready to start at the least disturbance. The crowds gradually increase up to the end of the act, until there is so little room left that the more venturesome climb into the trees. People of all classes are present: starving vagabonds, workingmen, bourgeois, aristocrats, soldiers? priests, women, and children, some of whom play about between the legs of the others.] NEWS-CRIERS. Great plot discovered! Famine, famine is at hand! The murderers have come! THE CROWD [calling to the news-criers]. Here! Sst! A MAN OF THE PEOPLE [anxiously, to a bourgeois, who is reading]. Well? THE BOURGEOIS. My good fellow, they are coming! They're coming! The Germans, the Swiss Guards! Paris is surrounded! They'll be here any minute! THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE. The King won't let them. A VAGABOND. The King? He's with them at the camp of Sablons, surrounded by Germans. THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE. The King is a Frenchman. THE BOURGEOIS. The King, yes, but not the Queen. The Austrian woman hates us. Her brigand Marshal de Broglie has sworn to raze Paris to the ground. We are caught between the cannon of the Bastille and the troops of the Champ de Mars. A STUDENT. They won't make a move. Monsieur Necker is at Versailles; he will take care of us. THE BOURGEOIS. Yes, so long as he remains Minister, we must not lose our faith in him. THE VAGABOND. But who says he still is? They've dismissed him. ALL [protesting]. No, no, he's still Minister,—The newspaper says he will remain Minister.—Good! If Monsieur Necker weren't there, everything would be lost. WOMEN [promenading about]. No business today! They are all quite mad. They think of nothing but Versailles.—The little fellow who was with me just now spoke of nothing but Necker.—Say, is it true that that damned Austrian threw our deputies into prison? THE SWINDLERS [mysteriously shaking their bags of silver under the noses of the passers-by]. Fine Sunday morning! Ten o'clock and the garden is full! What will it be soon?—Fine show and a small crop! They're here to get the latest news.—Oh, if you only know how to go about it—! GONCHON [to the shopkeepers]. Now, you fellows, stir yourselves, stir yourselves! Business isn't everything. Of course, business must be carried on, but we must be good patriots, too. Keep your eyes open. I warn you, things are beginning to happen! A SHOPKEEPER. Do you know something, Monsieur Gonchon? GONCHON. Careful. Grain is coming. Every one at his post. When the moment comes, give it to those idiots, and howl all together. A SHOPKEEPER. Long live the Nation! GONCHON [hitting him]. Shut up, you fool. "Long live the Due d'Orléans!" Then, if you like, both. CAMILLE DESMOULINS [who has just come from a gambling-den—excited, laughing and stammering]. Plucked! They've cleaned me!—I knew it: I said to myself, "Camille, you're going to get plucked." Now you're satisfied! It's done. Well, I don't have it to do over again. I always foresee the stupid things I am going to do. Thank God, I don't lack a single—anyway, I've killed two hours. What news from Versailles?—Oh, the rascal! They are thick as thieves at a fair. The gambling-dens advertise, "You come in to pass the time." You've got to occupy your hands and the rest! That is why cards and women were invented. They can relieve you of useless money. Now my pockets weigh nothing at all! Who wants to see a brand-new purse? Oh, there's not a piece left. WOMEN [mocking him]. "They stir you up, up, up, they'll stir you up." CAMILLE DESMOULINS. You bats of Venus, you're very proud, indeed, to have swindled a poor devil like me! But, Good God, he's not angry with you. "I'd lose it again if I had it to lose." AN OLD BOURGEOIS. The gambler's purse has no strings. GONCHON. Young man, I see you are in trouble. To oblige you, I will lend you three écus on that chain. DESMOULINS. Generous Gonchon, do you want to strip me naked like St. John? Leave that to the ladies: they will do very well without your assistance. GONCHON. You little guttersnipe, do you know whom you are addressing? DESMOULINS. Gonchon—merely Gonchon! You are a jeweler, usurer, vendor of lemonade, and keeper of a brothel. You are everything: Gonchon, king of the gambling-den keepers. GONCHON. What do you mean by your "gambling-dens"? I have merely founded clubs where, under the pretext of enjoying themselves by honest and natural means, men may gather and discuss methods of reforming the State. They are assemblies of free citizens, patriots— DESMOULINS. Where does the Patrie come in? GONCHON. The Society of the Men of Nature— DESMOULINS. Women of Nature! GONCHON. A very bad joke. If you haven't enough shame to respect a respectable man, you might at least respect the sign beneath the egis of which stands my house. DESMOULINS [without looking]. What sign? "The Forty Thieves"? GONCHON [furiously]. "The Great Necker"! DESMOULINS. That is rather hard on him, Gonchon. [He looks at the sign.] What is on the other side? GONCHON. Nothing. DESMOULINS. I see another picture. GONCHON. The Duc d'Orléans—two sides of the same head. DESMOULINS. The front and the back! [The bystanders laugh. GONCHON, with his associates, advances upon DESMOULINS.] Very well! I advise you not to drive me to crush you with my Pretorian Guard! Do you want a certificate of citizenship? Oh, Janus Gonchon, I make you a present of it. You give bread to every sneak in Paris, and take it from the honest people, so that they have only one desire: to go and fight. Audax et edax. Long live the Revolution! GONCHON. I forgive you, because it wouldn't do to duel with the enemy at our gates, but I'll meet you soon before the men of Versailles. DESMOULINS. Are they really coming? GONCHON. Ah, you turn pale?—Yes, the struggle is at hand. The mercenaries from Lorraine and Flanders are in the Plain of Grenelle, the artillery at Saint-Denis; the German cavalry at the Ecole militaire. The Marshal, with all his aides- de-camp, is giving orders for war at Versailles. They are going to attack tonight. A WOMAN. Good God, what will becomes of us? A BOURGEOIS. The bandits! They treat us like enemies! A WORKINGMAN [to GONCHON]. How do you know that? The road to Versailles is cut off. They've stationed cannon at the Pont de Sèvres. No one can pass. GONCHON. Suspicious, eh? I'll make the first man who doubts my patriotism swallow my fist. Don't you know Gonchon? THE WORKINGMAN. We don't suspect you.—Don't get excited.—We've too much to do to get into a quarrel with you. We only asked you where you got your information? GONCHON. You haven't the right to ask me. I know what I know. I have a way of knowing. ANOTHER WORKINGMAN [to the First]. Let him alone; he's all right. A BOURGEOIS. Lord, what shall we do? A STUDENT. To the gates! Everybody to the gates! Don't let them in! A BOURGEOIS. As if they could stop them! Poor people like ourselves, without arms! What do they know of war! Can they keep out the best troops of the kingdom? ANOTHER. They're in already! And there's the Bastille; it's like a cancer—incurable! A WORKINGMAN. The vile monster! Who will free us? A STUDENT. They've already made a company of Swiss Guards retreat today. ANOTHER. Their cannon are in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. A WORKINGMAN. Can't do a thing while we have this bit in our mouths. We've got to take it out first. A BOURGEOIS. How? A WORKINGMAN. I don't know how, but it's got to be done. ALL [seriously and incredulously]. Take the Bastille? [They turn to one another.] NEWS-CRIERS [in the distance]. Latest news! Desperate struggle! A MAN [shabby and pale, with the air of a maniac]. We haven't anything to fear from the soldiers. They won't attack. A STUDENT. What! THE MANIAC. They won't attack. They've got a simpler plan: they'll just blockade us. They'll starve us out. A WORKINGMAN. Well, if they do it for very long, we'll take the road. We've lost a whole day waiting for bread at the bakeries. A WOMAN. You can't get grain. THE MANIAC. It won't arrive tomorrow. A BOURGEOIS. But what are they doing with it? THE MANIAC. I know: they've thrown it into the quarries of Senlis and Chantilly to let it rot, and keep us from eating it. THE BOURGEOIS [incredulously]. Nonsense! THE MANIAC. It's true! A WOMAN. It is true. In Champagne the cavalry ruined the wheat crop in order to starve us. THE MANIAC. Worse than that! They poison the bread they give us: it burns your throat and your insides. Twenty people died of it in my part of the city. The order came from Versailles. They want to kill us like rats. DESMOULINS. Absurd. No king wants to murder his people. Only a Nero would do that, and our king is not a Nero. THE MANIAC [mysteriously]. I know what the matter is: there are too many people, and they've given orders to depopulate the country. DESMOULINS. You're sick, my friend, you need attention. A WORKINGMAN. There's truth in what he says, though. The Queen would be glad to see us all dead. DESMOULINS. Why so? THE WORKINGMAN. She's an Austrian. The Austrians have always been enemies of France. She married our king in order to injure us. We can't help being nervous so long as she is here. THE OTHERS. He's right.—Out of France with the Austrian! LA CONTAT [in the midst of the Crowd]. Why? THE CROWD. What?—What do you mean? LA CONTAT [showing herself]. Yes, why? Are you mad to say such things about the most charming of women? THE CROWD. Who dares say anything good of the Austrian here?—Good Lord, why, it's an insult to us! DESMOULINS [to LA CONTAT]. Don't say another word. You'd better get out and not answer them. LA CONTAT. I am in no hurry. DESMOULINS. They're gathering strength from all sides. LA CONTAT. So much the better! A VAGABOND. What did you say, aristocrat? What did you say? LA CONTAT [brushing him aside]. Don't sniff at me. I said, Long live the Queen! THE CROWD [exasperated]. By God! A CLERK. There's a girl who needs a good thrashing. LA CONTAT. There's a face that needn't wait for one! [She slaps him.] THE CLERK. Help! [Some laugh, others shout.] THE CROWD [gathering round]. Come and see!—What's the matter?—An aristocrat assaulting a patriot—Into the river! DESMOULINS. Citizens, it's only a joke. THE CROWD [furiously]. To the river! HULIN [bullying the Crowd], Here! [He stands before LA CONTAT.] You know me, comrades, I am Hulin. You saw me at work the other day: I smashed in the gate of the Abbey to save our friends the French Guards, who were imprisoned. I'll smash in the head of the first man who comes a step nearer. Respect the women, I tell you! If you want to fight, there's no lack of enemies. Go and find them. THE CROWD. He's right.—Bravo!—No, he isn't!—She insulted us!—She's got to apologize! On her knees, the aristocrat!—Make her cry Down with the Queen! LA CONTAT. I won't cry anything. [To DESMOULINS.] Help me to get up here. [She stands on a table.] If you bully me any more I'll cry Down with Necker! [Cries from the Crowd.] I'm not afraid of you. Do you think you can frighten me because you're a mob, and your hundred mouths are yapping at me? I have only one, but I can make myself heard. I'm used to talking to the people. I face you every night: I am Mademoiselle Contat. THE CROWD. Contat of the Théâtre-Français!—The Théâtre-Français!—Oh, let's see her!—Silence! LA CONTAT. So you don't like the Queen? Do you want her sent away? Would you like to exile every pretty woman from France? You have only to say the word: we'll pack up and go. See what will happen without us. You really make me laugh, calling me an aristocrat! I'm the daughter of a herring-dealer, who kept shop just under the Châtelet. I work like the rest of you. I am for Necker just as you are. I'm for the Assembly, but I don't like to be bullied, and I really think if you took it into your heads to try to make me cry Long live Comedy, I would cry Down with Moliere! You may think whatever you like: there's no law against stupidity, but then there's no law against those who still have a little common sense. I like the Queen, and I am not afraid to say so. A STUDENT. Of course: they both have the Comte d'Artois for a lover! TWO WORKINGMEN. What a lie!—She can certainly talk! DESMOULINS. Citizens, we cannot ask a queen to speak against royalty. Here is the true queen! The others are make- believe royalty, whose only function is to bear dauphins. Once the little one is born, they have nothing else to do. They live at our expense, and they are costly luxuries. It would be best to send this Austrian fowl back to her coop, from which she was brought at great cost—as if we lacked women in France to bear children! But the queens of the theater! Ah, they are intended to give happiness to the people. Every hour of their life is devoted to our service. Every bit of them is devoted to our pleasure; they belong to us, they are our national property. By Venus of the Beautiful Cheeks, let us defend her, and all shout: Long live the Queen, the true Queen, La Contat! [Laughter and applause.] THE CROWD. Long live Queen Contat! LA CONTAT. Thank you. [To DESMOULINS.] Give me your arm; you're nicer than the others.—Have you feasted your eyes enough? Very well, then let me by. If you want to see me again, you know the way to the Theater.—What is your name? DESMOULINS. Camille Desmoulins.—How imprudent of you! I told you—weren't you afraid? LA CONTAT. Of what? DESMOULINS. They nearly killed you. LA CONTAT. The idea! They shout, of course, but they never do anything. DESMOULINS. You are blind. They are right who say that to despise danger is merely to be unaware of it. THE CROWD. The little lady has warmth in her eyes!—Elsewhere, too! A WORKINGMAN. That's all very well, Mademoiselle, but it's not the thing to set yourself against the poor like us, and side with the people who are exploiting us! THE MANIAC. Lord, she's a monopolist! LA CONTAT. What! A monopolist! THE MANIAC. Look at your wig. LA CONTAT. Well? THE MANIAC. All that powder! There's enough flour on the necks of the idle rich to feed the poor of Paris! THE WORKINGMAN [to LA CONTAT]. Never mind him; he's crazy. If you have a good heart, Mademoiselle—and I can see in your eyes that you have—how can you defend the cut-throats who want to destroy us? LA CONTAT. Destroy you, my friend? Who told you that? A STUDENT. Don't you know? Here's the latest letter from the Austrian's man, the Jesuit Marshal, the old assassin, the ass decorated with amulets, relics, and medals: de Broglie! Do you know what he says? THE CROWD. Read! Read! THE STUDENT. They have conspired. They want to break up our States-General, take away our deputies and throw them into prison, expel our Necker, sell Lorraine to the Emperor for money to pay their soldiers, bombard Paris and kill the inhabitants. The plot is scheduled for tonight. GONCHON. Did you hear that? Isn't that enough, or do you want still more to stir you up? Good God, are we to let them stick us like pigs? God Almighty, to arms! To arms!—Luckily, we have a protector; he's watching over us: Long live Orléans! GONCHON'S FOLLOWERS. Long live Orléans! THE CROWD. To arms! Let's march against them! MARAT [rising from the Crowd, and standing on a chair. He is a small man, and appears nervous and deeply agitated. He stands tip-toe, and then speaks with all his power]. Stop! You poor wretches, where are you going? Don't you see that the cut-throats are only waiting for an insurrection in Paris to swoop down upon the city? Don't listen to such perfidious advice. That is only a ruse to destroy you. Yes, you, you who excite the people, you who pretend to be a patriot,—who says you are not an agent of despotism, whose business it is to provoke the good citizens and deliver them into the hands of the hordes of Versailles? Who are you? Where do you come from? Who will guarantee you? I don't know you. GONCHON. Well, I don't know you. MARAT. If you don't know me, you are a scoundrel. I am known wherever there is virtue and poverty. I spend my nights taking care of the sick, and my days taking care of the people. My name is Marat. GONCHON. I don't know you. MARAT. If you don't, you will before long, traitor! Oh, credulous people, absurd people, open your eyes. Do you realize where you are? What, do you gather here to prepare your struggle for liberty? Look, look about you! This is the gathering-place of all the exploiters, all the idle classes, swindlers, thieves, prostitutes, disguised spies, the instruments of the aristocracy! [Howls, protestations, and the like, from, one part of the Crowd, which cries: "Down with him!" and bare their fists.] DESMOULINS. Bravo, Marat! Struck the nail on the head! LA CONTAT. Who is that dirty little fellow with such beautiful eyes? DESMOULINS. A doctor-journalist. ANOTHER PART OF THE CROWD. Go on! [They applaud.] MARAT. I care nothing for the howling of these traitors, these accomplices of famine and servitude! They rob you of what money you have left; they drain your strength with their women, and your good sense with liquor! Fools! And you put yourselves in their clutches, and blurt out your secrets to them! You give yourselves into the hands of the enemy. Behind each pillar, at the corner of each cafe, beside you, at your table, a spy listens to you, watches you, takes down what you say, and prepares your destruction. You who want to be free, leave this sink of vice! Before entering the supreme struggle, begin by counting your forces. Where are your weapons? You have none. Forge your pikes, I tell you, make your muskets! Where are your friends? You have none. Your own neighbor betrays you. Perhaps the man you shake hands with, is delivering you into the hands of the enemy. And you yourselves, are you sure of yourselves? You are at war with corruption, and you are corrupted. [Howls from the Crowd.] You protest? If the aristocracy offered you gold and food, do you dare swear that you would not become aristocrats yourselves? You cannot silence me with your protestations. You will hear the truth. You are too accustomed to flatterers who court your favor and betray you. You are vain, proud, frivolous: you have neither strength, character, nor virtue. You waste your strength in talk. You are effeminate, vacillating, will-less; you tremble at the sight of a musket— CROWD. That'll do!—Enough! MARAT. You shout "Enough"! I, too, and even louder: Enough of vice, enough of stupidity, enough of cowardice! Band yourselves together, strike from your midst all who are false to the cause, purify your minds, and gird your loins. Oh, my fellow-citizens, I tell you these truths a little harshly, perhaps, but it is because I love you! LA CONTAT. See! He's crying! MARAT. They give you opium, but I pour burning liquor on your bleeding wounds, and I will continue to do so until you realize your rights and your duties, until you are free, until you are happy. Yes, in spite of your frivolousness, you will be happy, you will be happy, or I shall cease to exist! [He ends, his cheeks streaming with tears, his voice broken with sobs.] LA CONTAT. His cheeks are running with tears! How funny he is! THE CROWD [half laughing, the other half applauding] There's a real friend of the people! Long live Marat! [They surround him, put him on their shoulders and, in spite of his struggles, carry him about.] HULIN [catching sight of a little girl who is looking at MARAT, her eyes full of tears]. "What's the trouble, little one? You're crying, too? [The Little Girl keeps her eyes fixed on MARAT, whose bearers have now allowed him, to alight. She runs to him.] LITTLE JULIE [to MARAT, her hands clasped]. Don't cry! Don't cry! MARAT [looking at her]. What is it, little one? JULIE. Don't be unhappy, please! We'll be better, I promise, we won't be cowards any more. We won't lie; we'll be good, I swear! [The Crowd laughs. HULIN motions those near him to be silent, and not interrupt the Little Girl. MARAT, who is seated, assumes a different expression as he listens to her. His face brightens, and he looks tenderly at the child, and takes her hands in his.] MARAT. Why do you cry? JULIE. Because you cry. MARAT. Do you know me? JULIE. When I was sick, you took care of me. MARAT [draws her tenderly toward him, and looks into her eyes, smoothing her hair back from her face.] Yes, your name is Julie. Your mother is a washerwoman. You had measles last winter. You were afraid. You cried as you lay in your little bed, because you didn't want to die. [She turns her head away. He takes the child's head and presses it to his breast as he smiles.] Don't be ashamed. So, you understood me, eh? You are with me? Do you know what I should like? JULIE. Yes, and I want it, too—[The rest of her sentence is lost, as she hesitates.] MARAT. What? JULIE [raising her head and speaking with an air of conviction that causes the bystanders to smile]. Liberty. MARAT. What would you do with it? JULIE. Give it. MARAT. To whom? JULIE. To the poor people who are in prison. MARAT. Where? JULIE. There—in the big prison. They're alone all the time, and people forget them. [The attitude of the Crowd changes. It has become serious; some frown and do not look at their neighbors. They stare at the ground, and appear to be speaking to themselves.] MARAT. How do you know that, little one? JULIE. I know—I've been told. I often think about them, at night. MARAT [smoothing her hair]. But you must sleep at night. JULIE [after a few moments' pause, takes MARAT'S hands and says with passion], We will free them, won't we? MARAT. But how? JULIE. Go there all together. THE CROWD [laughing]. Ha! It's so easy! [The Little Girl raises her eyes, and sees the circle of curious onlookers staring at her. She is frightened and hides her head in her arm, which rests on HULIN'S table.] LA CONTAT. Isn't she dear! MARAT [looking at her]. Holy virtue of childhood, pure spark of goodness, what a comfort you are! How dark would the world be without children's eyes! [He goes gravely toward the child, takes her hand, which hangs limp, and kisses her.] A WOMAN OF THE PEOPLE [arriving on the scene]. Julie! Are you here! What are you doing with all these people? DESMOULINS. She was addressing the crowd. [Laughter.] THE MOTHER. And she so frightened! What's got into her? [She goes to JULIE, but the moment she touches her, the little one runs away without a word, in childish rage.] THE CROWD [laughing and applauding]. Run away, little one! [Loud laughter is heard at the other end of the Garden.]—Come here! Come along!—What is it? They are ducking a countess! LA CONTAT. Ducking a countess? THE CROWD. She insulted the people! They're ducking her in the fountain! LA CONTAT [on DESMOULINS' arm, laughing]. Let's run! How amusing! DESMOULINS. The most amusing performance in Europe! LA CONTAT. Insolent! What about the Comédie? [They go out laughing. The Crowd surges out. MARAT and HULIN are down-stage alone; MARAT stands, while HULIN sits at a cafe table. The back of the stage is crowded; some are standing on chairs, watching to see what is happening in the Garden. People walk about under the galleries beyond MARAT and HULIN.] MARAT [pointing toward the Crowd]. Actors! They are not seeking liberty; they prefer plays! Today, when their very lives are in danger, they think of nothing but performing for each other. I want nothing to do with such people! Their insurrections are nothing but absurd antics. I don't want to see any more of them. Oh, to live shut up in a cave, hear nothing of the noise outside, to be free from the vileness of the world! [He sits down, his head between his hands.] HULIN [tranquilly smoking, with a look of irony, says to MARAT]. Come, Monsieur Marat, you mustn't be discouraged. It's not worth it. They are only big children playing. You know them as well as I do: they don't mean anything by that. Why take it so tragically? MARAT [raising his head, says with determination]. Who are you? HULIN. I come from your country—Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Don't you remember me? I know you very well. I saw you when you were a child—at Boudry. MARAT. So you are Hulin, Augustin Hulin? HULIN. Right! MARAT. What are you doing here? You were a clock-maker in Geneva. HULIN. I led a quiet life there. But I was counting without my brother, who began to speculate. He became imbroiled in some underhanded scheme, signed certain papers—. Naturally, he took it into his head to die, and left his wife and a child of three for me to take care of. I sold my shop to pay his debts, and came to Paris, where I was taken into the service of the Marquis de Vintimille. MARAT. Then I'm not surprised at your cowardly words. You are a servant. HULIN. What if I am? MARAT. Are you not ashamed to serve another man? HULIN. I see no shame in it. Each of us serves, in one way or another. Are you not a doctor, Monsieur Marat? You spend your days examining people's wounds, and dressing them as well as you can. You go to bed very late, and you get up at night when your patients call you. Are you not then a servant? MARAT. I serve no master: I serve humanity. But you are the valet of a corrupt man, a miserable aristocrat. HULIN. I don't serve him because he is corrupt. You don't ask of your patients whether they are good or bad; they are men, poor devils like you and me. When they need help, you must give it and not stop to consider. Like many another, my master is corrupted by wealth. He cannot help himself: he needs a score of people to serve him. Now, I have three times as much strength as I need, and I don't know what use to make of it. Occasionally, I feel I would like to break something just to ease my feelings. If that idiot needs my power, I am willing to sell it to him. We are then quits. I do him good, and myself, too. MARAT. You also sell him your free soul, your conscience. HULIN. Who says anything about that? I defy any one to take that from me. MARAT. And yet you submit. You don't tell all you think. HULIN. What need I say? I know what I think. It's all very well for those who don't know to cry it aloud from the house-tops! I don't think for others; I think for myself. MARAT. Nothing that is in you belongs to you. You do not belong to yourself; you are a part of every one. You owe your strength to others, your will-power, your intelligence—no matter how little you possess. HULIN. Will-power and intelligence are not currency that one may give. Work done for others is work ill done. I have made myself free. Let the others do likewise! MARAT. There, in those words, I recognize my odious compatriots! Simply because Nature has given them six feet of body and the muscles of an animal, they think they have a right to despise those who are weak and ill. And when after they have reaped their harvests and worked in their fields, they sit down satisfied before their own doors, smoking a vile pipe the nasty smoke of which calms their tiny consciences, they think they have done their duty, and tell their less fortunate brothers who ask for help to "go and do likewise." HULIN [quietly]. How well you know me! You have described me perfectly. [He smiles to himself.] HOCHE [who comes in. He wears the uniform of a corporal of the French Guards. He carries some clothes over his arm. To MARAT]. Don't believe him, citizen. He libels himself. He never refuses the outstretched hand of misfortune. Only last week, he took command of us and freed the French Guards who were imprisoned in the Abbey by the aristocrats. HULIN [without turning his head, extends his hand over his shoulder]. Ah, it's you, Hoche? Who has asked for your advice? You're talking nonsense! I was telling you not long ago that sometimes I feel I have too much strength, and then I knock in a door, or demolish a wall. And, of course, when I see a drowning man, I offer him a helping hand. I don't reason about those things. But I don't lie in wait for people who are going to drown, nor do I throw them into the water—like these people who start revolutions—just in order to fish them out afterward. MARAT. You are ashamed of the good you do. I hate these people who brag of their vices. [He turns his back.] What are you carrying there? HOCHE. Some waistcoats that I embroidered; I'm trying to sell them. MARAT. Pretty work for a soldier! Do you mend clothes? HOCHE. It's as good a trade as tearing them. MARAT. Don't you blush to steal women's business? So that is what you are doing? You think of your business, you hoard your gold, when Paris is about to swim in blood! HOCHE [quietly, and with a touch of disdain]. Oh, we have time enough. Everything in due time. MARAT. Your heart is cold, your pulse is slow. You are no patriot. [ To HULIN.] And as for you, you are worse than if you really did what you brag about! You had a decent healthy character, which you are wilfully perverting.—Oh, Liberty, these are your defenders. Indifferent to the dangers that beset you, they will do nothing to combat them! I at least will not abandon you, I alone. I shall watch over the people. I will save them in spite of themselves. [He goes out.] HULIN [watching him go, and laughing]. Our gay associate! He sees everything through pink spectacles. He's a doctor from my country. One feels immediately that he is used to commanding people. He hasn't enough to do in his own business, he must needs treat all humanity. HOCHE [following MARAT with his eyes, and with a mixture of pity and interest]. An honest man. The woes of humanity weigh heavy on his shoulders; they unhinge his reason and his judgment. He is sick with virtue. HULIN. Where did you know him? HOCHE. I've read his books. HULIN. You must have time to waste. Where did you get hold of them? HOCHE. I bought them with the money I received from these waistcoats—for whi...