The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946–1973 wisconsin film studies Patrick McGilligan Series Editor The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946– 1973 Tino Balio The University of Wisconsin Press Publication of this volume has been made possible, in part, through support from the A F   C  L  S at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University ofWisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WCE 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2010 The Board ofRegents ofthe University ofWisconsin System Allrightsreserved.Nopartof thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, or transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,orotherwise,orconveyedviatheInternetoraWebsitewithoutwrittenpermission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews. 1 3 5 4 2 Printed in the United States ofAmerica Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Balio, Tino. The foreign film renaissance on American screens, 1946–1973 / Tino Balio. p. cm.—(Wisconsin film studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-299-24794-2 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-299-24793-5 (e-book) 1. Foreign films—United States. 2. Foreign films—United States—Reviews. I. Title. II. Series: Wisconsin film studies. PN1995.9.F67B35 2010 791.43´75—dc22 2010011533 Contents Illustrations vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction 3 Part One: Emergence 1 Antecedents 25 2 Italian Neorealism 40 3 British Film Renaissance 62 Part Two: Import Trends 4 Market Dynamics 79 5 French Films of the 1950s 100 6 Japanese Films of the 1950s 118 7 Ingmar Bergman: The Brand 130 8 The French New Wave 145 9 Angry Young Men: British New Cinema 168 10 The Second Italian Renaissance 182 11 Auteurs from Outside the Epicenter 206 Part Three: Changing Dynamics 12 Enter Hollywood 227 13 The Aura of the New York Film Festival 250 14 Collapse 279 Epilogue 301 Appendix: Variety’s All-Time Foreign Language Films to 2000 309 Notes 313 Select Bibliography 343 Index 347 v Illustrations Aldo Fabrizi as Don Pietro in Roberto Rossellini’s Open City(1946) 5 Peter Lorre in Fritz Lang’s M(1933) 29 Danielle Darrieux and Charles Boyer in Anatole Litvak’s Mayerling(1937) 32 Charles Laughton and Binnie Barnes in Alexander Korda’s The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) 37 The black American MP Joe (Dots Johnson) and the Italian street urchin Pasquale (Alfonsino Pasca) in Roberto Rossellini’s Paisan(1948) 48 Enzo Staiola and Lamberto Maggiorani in Vittorio De Sica’s The Bicycle Thief(1949) 51 Federico Fellini and Anna Magnani in Roberto Rossellini’s The Miracle(1950) 53 Carlo Battisti in Vittorio De Sica’s Umberto D(1955) 56 Silvana Mangano in Giuseppe De Santis’s Bitter Rice(1950) 60 Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard in Noël Coward’s Brief Encounter(1946) 65 Laurence Olivier’s Hamlet (1948) 69 Stanley Holloway and Alec Guinness in Charles Crichton’s The Lavender Hill Mob(1951) 74 Michele Morgan, Pierre Blanchar, and Line Noro in Jean Delannoy’s Symphonie Pastorale(1948) 102 Georges Poujouly and Brigitte Fossey in René Clément’s Forbidden Games(1952) 105 Jacques Tati and Nathalie Pascaud in Tati’s Mr. Hulot’s Holiday(1954) 109 Véra Clouzot, Simone Signoret, and Paul Meurisse in Henri-Georges Clouzot’s Diabolique(1955) 113 Brigitte Bardot in Roger Vadim’s And God Created Woman(1957) 115 Toshiro Mifune and Machiko Kyo in Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon(1951) 119 vii viii (cid:1) Illustrations Machiko Kyo and Masayuki Mori in Kenji Mizoguchi’s Ugetsu(1954) 122 Takashi Shimura in Akira Kurosawa’s Ikiru (1960) 128 Gunnar Björnstrand and Ulla Jacobsson in Ingmar Bergman’s Smiles of a Summer Night(1957) 132 Victor Sjöström as Isak Borg in Wild Strawberries(1959) 135 Ingrid Thulin as Ester, Gunnel Lindblom as Anna, and Birger Malmsten as The Bartender in Ingmar Bergman’s The Silence(1964) 143 Breno Mello and Marpessa Dawn in Marcel Camus’s Black Orhpeus(1959) 150 Emmanuelle Riva and Eiji Okada in Alain Resnais’s Hiroshima Mon Amour(1960) 152 Jean-Paul Belmondo and Jean Seberg in Jean-Luc Godard’s Breathless(1961) 155 Oskar Werner and Jeanne Moreau in François Truffaut’s Jules and Jim(1962) 160 Brigitte Bardot, Jack Palance, and Georgia Moll in Jean-Luc Godard’s Contempt(1964) 166 Laurence Harvey and Simone Signoret in Jack Clayton’s Room at the Top(1959) 172 Albert Finney and Rachel Roberts in Karl Reisz’s Saturday Night and Sunday Morning(1961) 176 Dora Bryan and Rita Tushingham in Tony Richardson’s A Taste of Honey(1962) 177 Giulietta Masina and Anthony Quinn in Federico Fellini’s La Strada(1956) 185 Monica Vitti and Gabriele Ferzetti in Michelangelo Antonioni’s L’Avventura(1961) 189 Marcello Mastroianni and Anita Ekberg in Federico Fellini’s La Dolce Vita(1961) 192 Renato Salvatori and Annie Girardot in Luchino Visconti’s Rocco and His Brothers(1961) 194 Sophia Loren and Eleanora Brown in Vittorio De Sica’s Two Women(1961) 202 Fernando Rey and Silvia Pinal in Luis Buñuel’s Viridiana(1962) 208 Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore in Satyajit Ray’s The World of Apu (1960) 211 Alexei Batalov in Mikhail Kalatozov’s The Cranes Are Flying(1959) 219 Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin in Dassin’s Never on Sunday(1960) 230 Illustrations (cid:1) ix Anouk Aimée and Jean-Louis Trintignant in Claude Lelouch’s A Man and a Woman(1966) 241 Alan Bates and Anthony Quinn in Michael Cacoyannis’s Zorba the Greek(1964) 243 Jolanta Umecka and Zygmunt Malanowicz in Roman Polanski’s Knife in the Water(1963) 252 François Truffaut and Jean-Pierre Cargol in Truffaut’s The Wild Child(1970) 263 Eiji Okada and Kyoko Kishida in Hiroshi Teshigahara’s Woman in the Dunes(1964) 265 Alessandro Panseri in Ermanno Olmi’s The Sound of Trumpets(1963) 267 Pia Dagermark in Bo Widerberg’s Elvira Madigan(1967) 278 Barbara Jefford and Milo O’Shea in Joseph Strick’s Ulysses(1967) 285 Lena Nyman and Börje Ahlstedt in Vilgot Sjöman’s I Am Curious (Yellow)(1969) 290 Maria Schneider and Marlon Brando in Bernardo Bertolucci’s Last Tango in Paris(1973) 297