The Family Tree GERMAN GENEALOGY GUIDE How To Trace Your Germanic Ancestry In Europe James M. Beidler Cincinnati, Ohio shopfamilytree.com Contents Introduction Part 1 Linking Your Family Tree to German-Speaking Nations Chapter 1 Your German-Speaking Heritage Chapter 2 Identifying the German-Speaking Immigrant Chapter 3 Pinpointing the Place of Origin Chapter 4 The History of Germanic Lands Part 2 Getting to Know the Old Country Chapter 5 Understanding Germany’s Geography Chapter 6 Language, Surnames, Given Names Part 3 Tracing Your Family in German-Speaking Nations Chapter 7 Civil Registration in Germany Chapter 8 German Church Records Chapter 9 German Census and Court Records Chapter 10 German Military Records Chapter 11 Printed Records Chapter 12 German-Speaking Peoples Outside of Germany Part 4 Advanced Sources and Strategies Chapter 13 Putting It All Together Chapter 14 What to Do When You Get Stuck Appendices Understanding German Script Sample Letters to Request Records Civil Record Archives in Europe Church Archives in Germany U.S. Genealogy Archives and Libraries Societies: German, Genealogical, & Historical Publications and Websites Copyright Introduction It was 1984, more than half my life ago, when I first began to research my family history. I was helping my mother write and edit a history of our then-250- year-old church congregation, which began as a German Reformed church. We kept encountering names we recognized from the little bit of family history that had been handed down to my mother, and we made the fateful decision to visit the church’s old graveyard. Seeing those worn but detail-filled tombstones was all it took to get me hooked on genealogy. In the past twenty-nine years, I have found precious few of my ancestors who were not ethnic Germans. And so German genealogy is the research about which I have learned the most. Along the way, I have learned from many people who are more skilled researchers than I will ever be and who have been formal and informal mentors: Annette K. Burgert, Hank Jones, Don Yoder, Larry O. Jensen, Jonathan Stayer, the late John T. Humphrey, Trudy Schenk, Ernie Thode, Kory Meyerink, Susannah Brooks, and Corinne and Russell Earnest are just a few of those who have had a profound effect on my learning curve over the years. Others who have contributed assistance to this book in various ways include: Pam Stone Eagleson, Michael Lacopo, Rogert Minert, Fritz Juengling, Leslie Albrecht Huber, Baerbel Johnson, Valerie Gehr, Niels Witkamp, Eric “Ric” Bender, David DeKok, Rudi and Helga Daub and Terri J. Bridgwater. I’ve had so many correspondents on German genealogy over the years, but one of my first was Waleta Rupp, whose assessment of the Germans (as compared to other ethnic groups) was: “At least the Germans wrote it down.” And, indeed, it’s my hope that this book shows the wide universe of record groups available to researchers seeking ancestors of German-speaking ethnicity. Finally, I’d also like to thank the publisher and editors involved with Family Tree Magazine and this series for putting the German ethnicity as first line! James M. Beidler September 2013 Part 1 Linking Your Family Tree to German- Speaking Nations Chapter 1 Your German-Speaking Heritage It didn’t take long for Germans to become part of the ethnic mix in North America. A single German man, Dr. Johannes Fleischer, accompanied the original Jamestown, Virginia, colonists. A year later, in 1608, five unnamed German glassmakers and three carpenters stepped off the ship Mary and Margaret to join the first permanent English settlement in what is today the United States. While the carpenters were brought to construct homes and the glassmakers likely worked their skill at making window panes, there’s an irony that these professions both could be thought of as part of the most revered of all German industries—beer-making (just think kegs and mugs!). Since that auspicious beginning, nearly every wave of immigration to North America has included German-speaking people, and according to U.S. census data, more present-day Americans claim German ancestry than any other ethnicity. As impressive as this is, this statistic underestimates the number of people with German forebears, because many individuals have “hidden” German roots, ones in maternal lines that can be deeply obscured by surname changes after marriage. As you read this book, you’ll see that having a German-speaking heritage, while “common” in terms of numbers, offers many distinctive opportunities for research. There’s truly a “strength in numbers” that makes looking for ancestors in this ethnic group a real pleasure—from the many individuals and organizations that share the heritage and their information about it to the wealth of written documentation that has been passed down as a result of what might be called these peoples’ Teutonic thoroughness. Before we get started, it’s important to set the scope of this book. If you know anything about German history, you’ll know that a unified nation of Germany didn’t exist until 1871. As you’ll soon read, many German-speaking people immigrated to the United States long before 1871. This guide covers the areas that today are part of Germany, that were part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, as well as Austria and Switzerland. We’ll generally use the terms “Germans” and “German-speaking” interchangeably for people from the areas just described. We won’t use “Germanic,” as a rule, because historians use that term to describe the barbarian tribes who succeeded the Roman Empire in much of Europe. These Germanic tribes were the forefathers of today’s Germans and German-speaking people and also the modern English, French, Italians, Spanish, and many other groups. This chapter will provide an overview of how German immigrants have influenced and shaped American society and help you lay a foundation for own German genealogy research. GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA After the slight but notable German presence in Jamestown, it would be decades before another group of German-speaking immigrants made an appearance in America and a full century before large-scale immigration began, but when that surge began, it resulted in the Germans becoming the largest free “minority group” in the English colonies. This first wave, followed by later immigration, spread the seeds of German culture so thoroughly throughout society that German traditions became a standard part American culture (take Christmas trees and hot dogs, for example). The first German-dominated settlement in the United States was, appropriately, named Germantown and is now a neighborhood in Philadelphia. Germantown was founded on October 6, 1683 (now celebrated annually as German-American Day in the United States), when thirteen families settled in what was then a wilderness area. A trickle of Germans came to Pennsylvania in the remaining years of the seventeenth century and the first decade of the 1700s. In 1709, some four thousand Germans who were primarily from the Pfalz region immigrated to London via the Dutch port of Rotterdam. From London, most of the Palatines were shipped to New York’s Hudson Valley and enlisted in a works project for the British Navy as a way of repaying their passage. Despite deaths from hardship and disease, about 2,100 Germans arrived in the Hudson Valley in June 1710, making them the largest single immigration of people to America in the colonial period. After the works project ended, the Germans were released to fend for themselves. Many stayed in upstate New York, but others scattered throughout the Mid-Atlantic region, including a substantial number who added to the German presence in Pennsylvania.