The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis 35 Dudley L. Poston, Jr. Wen Shan Yang Demetrea Nicole Farris Editors The Family and Social Change in Chinese Societies With the Assistance of Cathy Ruey-Ling Chu Heather Terrel Kincannon Rachel Traut Cortes The Family and Social Change in Chinese Societies THE SPRINGER SERIES ON DEMOGRAPHIC METHODS AND POPULATION ANALYSIS Series Editor KENNETH C. LAND Duke University Inrecentdecades,therehasbeenarapiddevelopmentofdemographicmodelsandmethods andanexplosivegrowthintherangeofapplicationsofpopulationanalysis.Thisseriesseeks toprovideapublicationoutletbothforhigh-qualitytextualandexpositorybooksonmodern techniques of demographic analysis and for works that present exemplary applications of such techniquestovarious aspects ofpopulation analysis. 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Poston Jr. (cid:129) Wen Shan Yang Demetrea Nicole Farris Editors The Family and Social Change in Chinese Societies With the Assistance of Cathy Ruey-Ling Chu Heather Terrel Kincannon Rachel Traut Cortes Editors DudleyL.PostonJr. WenShanYang DepartmentofSociology InstituteofSocialSciencesandPhilosophy TexasA&MUniversity AcademiaSinica CollegeStation,TX,USA Nankang,Taipei,Taiwan DemetreaNicoleFarris DepartmentofBehavioralSciences UniversityofWestAlabama Livingston,AL,USA ISSN1389-6784 ISBN978-94-007-7444-5 ISBN978-94-007-7445-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-7445-2 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013954965 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents PartI TheFamilyinTaiwanandChina 1 ModelsofResourceDistributionintheFamilyinTaiwan. . . . . . . 3 Chien-LiangChen 2 FilialPietyandAutonomousDevelopmentofAdolescents intheTaiwaneseFamily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Kuang-HuiYeh 3 FamilyPovertyinTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Te-muWangandHua-chinHo 4 PatternsandChangesinHouseholdStructureinHongKong. . . . . 59 EdwardJow-ChingTuandJianpingWang PartII IssuesofMarriage,theFamilyandFertilityinTaiwan andChina 5 SingleandHappier?AComparativeStudyofMaritalStatus, SocioeconomicSecurityandWellbeingofWomen inHongKongandTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 WenShanYangandPeiChihYen 6 PatternsofSexualActivityinChinaandtheUnitedStates. . . . . . . 99 GinnyGarcia,HeatherTerrellKincannon,DudleyL.PostonJr., andCarolS.Walther 7 GenderImbalancesandtheTwistedMarriageMarket inTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 WenShanYangandYing-yingTiffanyLiu 8 LikeMotherLikeDaughter?TheEffectofMothers’Attitudes onTheirDaughters’InteractionswithTheirMothers-in-law. . . . . 131 Hsiang-MingKung v vi Contents 9 MaleandFemaleFertilityinTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 LiZhang,DudleyL.PostonJr.,andChiung-FangChang PartIII ChildrenandtheFamilyinEastAsiaandinWestern Countries:ComparativeStudies 10 PatternsofGrandparentsCaringforGrandchildreninChina. . . . 165 FeinianChen 11 FamilyValuesandParent–ChildInteractioninTaiwan. . . . . . . . . 177 CathyRuey-LingChu 12 DiversityAmongFamiliesinContemporaryTaiwan: OldTrunksorNewTwigs?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Cherng-TayHsueh 13 AdolescentDevelopmentinTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Lang-WenHuang 14 SonPreferenceandFertilityinChina,SouthKorea, andtheUnitedStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 DudleyL.PostonJr.,HosikMin,andSherryL.McKibben 15 DeterminantsofIntergenerationalSupportintheNewly IndustrializedSocieties:TheCaseofTaiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 AlfredKo-weiHu PartIV TheFamilyandtheFutureinTaiwan 16 Taiwan’sDemographicDestiny:MarriageMarketandAged DependencyImplicationsfortheTwenty-FirstCentury. . . . . . . . . 265 DudleyL.PostonJr.andLiZhang AbouttheAuthors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 AuthorIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 SubjectIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Introduction: Family Issues in Taiwan and China One would think that defining a “family” would be an easy task; the family is so significant to society that it is universal. The family is one of the most important foundationsandagentsofsocialization;thefamilyisthefirstplacewelearnculture, norms, values, and gender roles. Families exist in all societies throughout the world, but the constitution of families can vastly differ between countries. For example, the Western world has traditionally regarded a family as consisting ofahusband,wife,andchildren. However, we are seeing increasing numbers of single-parent families, gay and lesbian families, blended families, and childless families. Compared to the West (andeventoeachother),ChinaandTaiwanshowbothsimilaritiesanddifferences regarding definitions of families and aspects of family life. For example, often in Americaweuseabilinealsystemofdescentinwhichwerecognizethatdescentcan be traced through both the mother’sand the father’sside ofthe family. However, in many parts of China, descent is patrilineal, which is perhaps part of the reason whyChinahashad,andcontinuestohave,strongsonpreference(atopicthatwill beexploredingreatdetaillaterinthisbook).Itisimportanttonotetheseandother differences because while a vast amount of research has been conducted on the Western family, these results cannot always be generalized to the Chinese and Taiwaneseexperiences.Suchdifferencesareamajorreasonforthisinclusivework thatisfocusedmainlyonfamiliesinTaiwanandChina. The chapters in Part I focus on the basic family issues in Taiwan and China thatprovidethegroundworkforthechaptersthatfollow.Chien-LiangChenbegins inChap.1withananalysisofresourcedistributioninthefamilyinTaiwan.Usinga bargainingframework,theauthorpresentstheempiricalfactsregardingthealloca- tion of decision-making between male and female household heads. A major contribution of this research is Chen’s ability to directly examine the patterns of resource allocation decisions on expenditures and purchases, financial manage- ment, andchildrearingwithinthehousehold.Chenalsoaddressesissuesofpower structurewithinmarriagebyestimatingthedeterminantsofdecision-makingwhile takingintoaccountfamilycharacteristics,familyrelationships,directobservation, andcomprehensivecontrols. vii viii Introduction:FamilyIssuesinTaiwanandChina By using two island-wide surveys of Taiwan, Chen is able to not only directly observe the resource allocation mechanism, but is also able to depict a complete pictureoftheformationofthedecision-makingmechanismfromallaspects.Chen also accounts for the substantial portion of elderly parent-child co-residence and the possible power struggles between in-laws in allocation decisions. In sum, the author finds support for an individualistic preference model as opposed to the more common preference model. After controlling for individual and household characteristics, Chen finds that the earning ability of the couple appears to be closely related to spheres of influence in household decision-making. Other variablessuchasthecouple’srelationship,satisfactioninmarriage,attitudetoward genderroles,bride-priceanddowry,andtheco-residenceofthemalehead’spartner in particular are also important in determining the power balance within the household.Thispowerbalanceconsequentlyaffectsandalterstheresourcealloca- tionoutcomes.Theimplicationsofthisresearchsuggestthatanincreasingfemale laborforceparticipationratewillimprovetheeconomicstatusofthefemaleheadin thehousehold. ThesecondchapterbyKuang-HuiYehmovestoadiscussionoffilialpietyand autonomous development of adolescents in the context of the Taiwanese family. Filial piety refers to the rules that dictate how children should treat their parents. Thereseemstobesomedebateregardingfilialpietyandtheeffectsthatitmayhave onchildren’spersonalitydevelopment.Somescholarsarguethattherulesoffilial pietydamagethedevelopmentofanindependentpersonality,whileotherscholars note thatfilial piety leads tobetter intergenerationalrelationships. Yeh’s previous work on filial piety used confirmatory factory analysis to analyze reciprocal filial pietyandauthoritarianfilialpietyandfoundthatthedualfilialpietymodelenabled the separate examination and emphasis of different values that might affect a person’spsychologicalandsocialdevelopment. Using a sample of over 1,300 high school and college students, Yeh administered a questionnaire to analyze adolescent autonomy, dual filial piety, andparent-adolescentrelationships.Theauthorfindsthatalthoughthetwoaspects offilialpietyhaveamoderatepositiveassociationwitheachother,thecorrelation matrixshowsthatreciprocalandauthoritarianfilialpietytowardparentsstillhasa distinctiveeffectonadolescents’twoorientationsregardingautonomousdevelop- ment.Thedualfilialpietymodelappearstocontributetoourcurrentunderstanding offilialpietyandtheautonomousdevelopmentofChineseadolescents. Inthethirdchapter,Te-muWangandHua-chinHoexploretheimportantissue offamilypovertyinTaiwan.Theybegintheirdiscussionbypoignantlynotingthe observablediscrepancyregardingpovertyandthefiguresofficiallyreportedbythe Taiwanesegovernment.Theauthorsarguethatwhilethetopicofpovertyisonethat hasbeenwidelydiscussedinvariousmedialoutlets,thepublicfiguresreportedare vastlylowerthanthefigurescalculatedbyscholarsandexperts;thus,thelatterdata grosslymisrepresentthetrueextentofpovertyinTaiwan. In addition to the traditional application of the food, clothing, shelter, and utilities (FCSU) multiplier approach, the authors incorporate in their chapter the measurementsofintensityandinequalityofpovertytodeterminethepovertyrate. Introduction:FamilyIssuesinTaiwanandChina ix They use innovative methods of examining changes in the trends associated with differentfamilytypesviaanaggregatepovertyindex,whilesettingapovertyline, setting the initial threshold, selecting a reference family type, estimating the appropriate multiplier, adjusting the equivalence scale, adjusting for differences inthecostoflivingacrossgeographicalareas,anddefiningfamilyresources. UtilizingdatafromtheHouseholdIncomeandExpendituresurveys,theauthors find that between 1986 and 2002, there was some variation in the poverty rate, the poverty intensity index, and the poverty inequality index. While the poverty rate was decreasing, poverty intensity and poverty inequality were increasing. Additionally,theextentofpovertyintensityforsingle-andtwo-personhouseholds fluctuatedwidelyandtherewasapronouncedupwardtrendinpovertyintensityfor single-person households. Both male and female single-person household heads experienced fluctuations in poverty over the years, and those in the age group of 45–64 experienced an increase in poverty after 1995. The authors conclude their chapter with some suggestions regarding social welfare policies and note that their research findings could be used to help identify the characteristics of householdsinpoverty. In Chap. 4, Edward Jow-Ching Tu and Jianping Wang explore family growth and change in Hong Kong, noting the extremely interesting similarities and differences between Hong Kong and China, since, as they note, Hong Kong quintessentiallyembodiestheideaof“eastmeetingwest.”HongKong’spopulation is comprised of almost exclusively Chinese people (more than 96 %); as such, Hong Kong is influenced very heavily by Chinese culture. Despite this influence, therehavebeensubstantialchangesbroughttoHongKongbytherapidprocessesof industrialization andurbanization, andWestern normsandpractices have become prevalent among the young and educated in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is unique in this sense and has its own special problems when it comes to demographic pro- cesses such as the aging of its population. The authors note that it is important to recognizethesignificanceofcultureinstudyinghouseholdchange,particularlyfor asocietysuchasHongKong. In the first study of its kind to use a demographic perspective, Tu and Wang analyze household characteristics in Hong Kong, including demographic characteristics pertaining to the family and household structure. Using data from the census and by-census tabulations, the authors describe the changes in mean householdsize,maritalstatus,fertility,andhouseholdcompositionsincethe1960s. Theyshowthatthe number ofhouseholds inHong Kongrapidlyincreased, rising from about 687,000 in 1961 to 2.05 million in 2001. The rapid increase in the numberofhouseholdsisaresultoftwoforces:populationgrowthandareduction in mean household size since the 1960s. Since the 1960s, the population of Hong Kong in domestic households essentially doubled (from about 3 million to about 6 million) and mean household size declined from 4.4 to 3.3. Changes in marital status also impacted Hong Kong’s recent mean household size changes. The percentage of divorced or separated individuals more than tripled for both malesandfemalesbetween1966and1996.