T H E F A C I A L D I S P L A Y S O F L E A D E R S C A R L S E N I O R EDITED BY The Facial Displays of Leaders Carl Senior Editor The Facial Displays of Leaders Editor Carl Senior Aston University Birmingham, UK The University of Gibraltar Europa Point, Gibraltar ISBN 978-3-319-94534-7 ISBN 978-3-319-94535-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94535-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953581 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Cover illustration: Oleksiy Maksymenko/gettyimages This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Dedicated to Jack and Harriet Contents 1 The Facial Displays of Leadership: A Systematic Review of the Literature 1 Carl Senior 2 Formidability and Alliance Politics in Humans and Nonhuman Species 27 Christopher D. Watkins 3 Facing Your Competition: Findings from the 2016 Presidential Election 51 Patrick A. Stewart, Elena Svetieva, Austin Eubanks, and Jason M. Miller 4 In/Appropriate Aggression in Presidential Debate: How Trump’s Nonverbal Displays Intensified Verbal Norm Violations in 2016 73 Erik P. Bucy and Zijian Harrison Gong vii viii Contents 5 The Evolutionary Psychology of Leadership Trait Perception 97 Kristen Knowles 6 Facial Displays of Dominance in Non- human Primates 123 Rachel M. Petersen, Constance Dubuc, and James P. Higham 7 About Face! Facial Status Cues and Perceptions of Charismatic Leadership 145 Caroline F. Keating Index 171 Notes on Contributors Erik P. Bucy is the Marshall and Sharleen Formby Regents Professor of Strategic Communication in the College of Media and Communication at Texas Tech University. He is the author of the book Image Bite Politics: News and the Visual Framing of Elections (with Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Oxford, 2009) and editor of the Sourcebook for Political Communication Research: Methods, Measures, and Analytical Techniques (with R. Lance Holbert, Routledge, 2013). His research interests include visual and nonverbal analysis of political news, normative theo- ries of media and democracy, and public opinion about the press. Bucy is the past editor of Politics and the Life Sciences, an interdisciplinary journal published by Cambridge University Press. Constance Dubuc has conducted research at Université de Montréal, the German Primate Center, the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, New York University, and the University of Cambridge. She is interested in the evolution of reproductive strategies with a focus on sexual sig- nalling, variance in male reproductive success, and male-female relationships. Austin Eubanks is a Social Psychology PhD student at the University of Arkansas under the mentorship of Scott Eidelman. Broadly, his research inter- ests are primarily in political psychology, but more specifically he is interested in Construal Level Theory (i.e., psychological distance) and political/social values systems. Austin is most interested in refining the methodology used to study social psychology and is an advocate of open/transparent science that follows high-quality research practices. ix x Notes on Contributors Zijian Harrison Gong is an assistant professor in the Department of Advertising at Texas Tech University. His research focuses on motivated processing of media to understand how message execution elements such as design and layout impact selective attention, recall, and attitude formation, and how source and message factors impact the persuasiveness of media content. Practically, his research find- ings offer tangible insights that help media practitioners enhance the persuasive- ness of their messages. His research papers have been published in a range of leading journals in media and communication, including Communication Monographs, Media Psychology, and the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. James  P.  Higham is Associate Professor of Anthropology at New  York University. He has worked on species-specific and comparative studies of species in several anthropoid genera, and has guest-edited several special issues on topics of sexual selection and communication, including on field endocrinology (Hormones and Behavior, with Jim Roney), multimodal communication (Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, with Eileen Hebets), primate signals (American Journal of Primatology, with Stuart Semple), and primate coloration (International Journal of Primatology). Caroline F. Keating is Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Colgate University in Hamilton, New  York, USA.  She is a Syracuse University PhD. Keating studies how nonverbal cues relate to social dominance, leadership, and charisma. With collaborators, she showed that humans convey dominance through facial status gestures akin to those of other primates; that dominant children and adults are especially good deceivers; and that persuasive performers often begin by kidding themselves. Keating also studies the charismatic pro- cesses groups use to inspire devotion. She teaches seminars in leadership and social bonds from evolutionary, developmental, and cross-cultural perspectives. Kristen Knowles is Lecturer of Psychology in the Division of Psychology and Sociology at Queen Margaret University. Her research focuses on the applica- tion of an evolutionary framework to political psychology. Kristen’s recent work examines the effects of individual differences on voting decisions and leadership preferences, using faces and voices as experimental stimuli. Kristen is a member of QMU’s Centre for Applied Social Sciences (CASS) and the International Society for Political Psychology (ISPP). Jason M. Miller is a graduate student in the Social Psychology program at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. His research focuses primarily on political psy- Notes on Contributo rs xi chology, and the uses of ideology and belief to justify prejudice. He also does research on how important political events shift the social acceptability of differ- ent prejudices. Rachel  M.  Petersen is a PhD candidate in Biological Anthropology at New York University. Her master’s thesis studied how social integration in rhe- sus macaques effects health through the immune and endocrine system. Her dissertation research will focus on mechanisms of female mate choice, specifi- cally mate choice that occurs within the female reproductive tract after mating, in order to better understand reproductive strategies in male and female primates. Carl Senior studies non-verbal behaviour which includes the way the face is perceived and has examined the skills, traits, and motives associated with quali- ties such as social dominance, power, and leadership. He is also interested in learning more about the mechanisms of social behaviour in naturalistic settings. He was elected a fellow of the British Psychological Society in 2015 and is also a visiting professor to the University of Gibraltar. Patrick A. Stewart is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. He has published over 50 journal articles and chapters, as well as four books, including Debatable Humor: Laughing Matters on the 2008 Presidential Primary Campaign (2012). His work on the nonverbal behaviour of politicians and their audiences has been published in The New York Times and The Washington Post and reported on in a broad range of popular press outlets. He is a certified Facial Action Coding System (FACS) coder whose research concentrates on the emotional response of followers to leaders. Elena Svetieva is Assistant Professor in Leadership Communication at the Department of Communication, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs. Prior to joining the department, Elena was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Center for Creative Leadership, the number one leadership development pro- vider and think-t hank in North America. Her research focuses on emotion com- munication and nonverbal behaviour in effective leadership, including person perception, feedback, and emotion regulation between leaders and followers. She studies these processes using interdisciplinary methods, with a strong focus on physiological and behavioural measures such as the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Christopher D. Watkins is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Abertay University in Scotland. His main research interest is dominance, rivalry, competition, and