The European Culture Area A Systematic Geography Sixth Edition ALEXANDER B. MURPHY, TERRY G. JORDAN-BYCHKOV, AND BELLA BYCHKOVA JORDAN ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New • York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2 Published by Rowman & Littlefield 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom Copyright © 2014 by Rowman & Littlefield All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Murphy, Alexander B., 1954– The European culture area : a systematic geography / Alexander B. Murphy, Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov, and Bella Bychkova Jordan.—Sixth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4422-2345-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-2346-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)— ISBN 978-1-4422-2347-9 (electronic) 1. Europe—Geography. 2. Europe—Description and travel. I. Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G., 1938-2003. II. Bychkova Jordan, Bella. III. Title. D907.J67 2014 914--dc23 2013048229 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. 3 4 Alec Murphy and Bella Bychkova Jordan dedicate this book to Susan N. Gary and to the memory of Terry Jordan-Bychkov— partners who made Europe, and so much more, come alive for us. 5 Contents List of Illustrations Preface A Note about Place Names 1 What and Where Is Europe? Europe as a Physical Entity Europe as a Human Entity This Book’s Approach Why Study Europe? Sources and Suggested Readings 2 Physical Geography Europe’s Geomorphology and Hydrogeography Mountains Hills Plains Hydrogeography Europe’s Climate Marine West Coast Mediterranean Humid Continental Minor Climate Types Vegetation and Soils Forests Treeless Areas 6 Soils Human Alteration of the Environment Human Modification of Lands and Waters The Special Case of the Netherlands Human Modification of the Atmosphere Human Impacts on Forests Green Europe Sources and Suggested Readings 3 Demography Population Distribution and Density Population Growth Rates Natural Increase Migration Major Influences on Population Geography The Role of the Environment Socioeconomic and Political Context Population Policies Scale Differences Sources and Suggested Readings 4 The Pattern of Languages Languages and Language Families The Diffusion of Indo-European Tongues into Europe The Three Major Subfamilies of Indo-European Romance Languages Germanic Languages The Special Case of English Slavic Languages Other Indo-European Languages Non-Indo-European Languages Linguistic Decline and Revival Multilingualism Sources and Suggested Readings 7 5 The Geography of Religion Pre-Christian Europe Diffusion of Christianity Christian Fragmentation Roman Catholicism Pilgrimages Winds of Change Protestantism Eastern Orthodoxy The East–West Divide Uniate and Armenian Churches Dechristianization Sects and Cults Non-Christian Minorities Islam Judaism Conclusion Sources and Suggested Readings 6 The European State System The General Picture The Emergence of the European State Pattern The Twentieth-Century European State Case Studies France: The Quintessential Unitary State Germany: Federalism in the European Core The United Kingdom: Core–Periphery Tensions Italy: Roman Legacy Spain: A Multiethnic State Switzerland and Belgium: Astride a Language Divide Fragmentation in the Balkans: Yugoslavia and Its Successor States Russia: Nation-State or Empire? Ukraine: From Border Province to Independent State Challenges to the Territorial State 8 Sources and Suggested Readings 7 Land and Life in the Rural Sector Traditional Agriculture Mediterranean Agriculture Three-Field Farming Hardscrabble Herder-Farmers Shifting Cultivation of the North Nomadic Herding Traditional Land Divisions and Settlement Patterns New Crop Introductions Modern Agricultural Systems Market Gardening Dairying Cattle/Hog Fattening Sheep Raising Cash Grain Farming Reindeer Ranching Fishing and Fish Farming Land Tenure in the Modern Era Production Patterns in the Modern Era Rural Depopulation Preserving Rural Landscapes Sources and Suggested Readings 8 Manufacturing and Industry Historical Overview (Pre–Eighteenth Century) Traditional Manufacturing Systems The Industrial Revolution Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution Spreading beyond the Coalfields Impacts of Industrialization Social Impacts Environmental Impacts Impacts on Transportation Infrastructure 9 Roads Railroads Waterways Pipelines Air Transport Deindustrialization Industrial Rejuvenation Contemporary Patterns Sources and Suggested Readings 9 The Postindustrial Economy and the Quest for European Integration The Nature of Europe’s Service and Information Economy Communications Energy Production Tourism Retailing and Governmental/Social Services The Quaternary Sector The Trajectory of Integration Economic Impacts of Integration Sources and Suggested Readings 10 The European City The Rise of the European City The Medieval City City Sites City Attributes Medieval Urban Morphology Renaissance–Baroque Urban Development (1500–1800) The Industrial City Characteristics of the Mid-Twentieth-Century European City The Late/Postindustrial European City The Preindustrial Core The Preindustrial Periphery The Industrial Suburbs The Postindustrial Suburbs 10