The European Culture Area The European Culture Area A Systematic Geography Seventh Edition Alexander B. Murphy, Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov, Bella Bychkova Jordan ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New • York • London Executive Editor: Susan McEachern Assistant Editor: Katelyn Turner Higher Education Channel Manager: Jonathan Raeder Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate pages within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. Fourth Edition 2002. Fifth Edition 2009. Sixth Edition 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data Names: Murphy, Alexander B., 1954– author. | Jordan- Bychkov, Terry G., 1938–2003 editor. | Bychkova Jordan, Bella, editor. Title: The European culture area : a systematic geography / Alexander B. Murphy, Terry G. Jordan- Bychkov, Bella Bychkova Jordan. Description: Seventh edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2021] | Series: Changing regions in a global context: new perspectives in regional geography | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020007904 (print) | LCCN 2020007905 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538127599 (paperback) | ISBN 9781538127605 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Europe—Geography. | Europe—Description and travel. Classification: LCC D907 .J67 2021 (print) | LCC D907 (ebook) | DDC 914—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020007904 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020007905 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48- 1992. Alec Murphy dedicates this book to his many graduate advisees over the years who have shared his interest in Europe and who have left their mark on the book: Vincent Artman, Kyle Evered, Matthew Derrick, Megan Dixon, Anthea Fallen-B ailey, Jerilynn “M” Jackson, Corey Johnson, David Keeling, Amber Kemp, Joanna Kepka, Robert Kerr, Matthew Landers, Nancy Leeper, Anna Moore, Minna Pavulans, Katherine Perry, Roberto Serralles, Hunter Shobe, and George White. And Alec Murphy joins Bella Bychkova- Jordan in dedicating this book to the memory of Terry Jordan- Bychkov—extraordinary geographer, mentor, friend, and husband. Contents List of Illustrations xiii Preface xix A Note about Place Names xxiii 1 What and Where Is Europe? 1 Europe as a Physical Entity 1 Europe as a Human Entity 7 Socioeconomic Characteristics 10 Europe and the Wider World 12 This Book’s Approach 16 Why Study Europe? 20 Sources and Suggested Readings 24 2 The Physical Environment 27 Europe’s Geomorphology and Hydrogeography 27 Mountains 31 Hills 35 Plains 35 Hydrogeography 37 Europe’s Climate 38 Marine West Coast 40 Mediterranean 42 Humid Continental 43 Minor Climate Types 44 Vegetation and Soils 45 Forests 45 Treeless Areas 47 Soils 48 vii viii CONTENTS Human Alteration of the Environment 48 Human Modification of Lands and Waters 48 The Special Case of the Netherlands 51 Human Modification of the Atmosphere 58 Human Impacts on Forests 60 Environmentalism 66 Sources and Suggested Readings 68 3 Demography 71 Geogenetics 71 Population Distribution and Density 73 Population Growth Rates 76 Natural Increase 77 Migration 80 Major Influences on Population Geography 86 Environmental Influences 86 Socioeconomic and Political Influences 88 Land- use and Population Policies 90 Scale Differences 90 Sources and Suggested Readings 92 4 The Pattern of Languages 93 Languages and Language Families 93 The Diffusion of Indo- European Tongues into Europe 98 The Three Major Subfamilies of Indo- European 101 Romance Languages 101 Germanic Languages 105 The Special Case of English 107 Slavic Languages 108 Other Indo- European Languages 109 Non- Indo- European Languages 114 Linguistic Decline and Revival 116 Multilingualism 117 The Disconnect Between Linguistic and Political Boundaries 119 Sources and Suggested Readings 119 5 The Geography of Religion 121 Pre- Christian Europe 122 Diffusion of Christianity 124 Christian Fragmentation 127 The Roman Catholic Realm 129 Pilgrimages 130 Winds of Change 132 The Protestant Realm 133 The Eastern Orthodox Realm 136 CONTENTS ix The East–West Divide 139 Uniate and Armenian Churches 140 Dechristianization 141 Sects and Cults 143 Non- Christian Minorities 144 Islam 144 Judaism 151 Conclusion 153 Sources and Suggested Readings 155 6 The European State System 157 The Pattern of States 157 The Emergence of the European State Pattern 159 The Twentieth- Century European State 166 Case Studies 169 France: The Quintessential Unitary State 169 Germany: Federalism in the European Core 171 The United Kingdom: Core–Periphery Tensions 173 Italy: Roman Legacy 175 Spain: A Multiethnic State 177 Switzerland and Belgium: Astride a Language Divide 178 Fragmentation in the Balkans: Yugoslavia and Its Successor States 181 Russia and the Former Soviet Union 183 Ukraine: From Border Province to Independent State 186 Challenges to the Territorial State 187 The Rise of the European Union 188 Other Supranational Engagements 190 Sources and Suggested Readings 192 7 Land and Life in the Rural Sector 195 Traditional Agriculture 195 Mediterranean Agriculture 198 Three- Field Farming 200 Hardscrabble Herder- Farmers 201 Shifting Cultivation in the North 202 Nomadic Herding 203 Traditional Land Divisions and Settlement Characteristics 204 New Crop Introductions 211 Modern Agricultural Systems 212 Market Gardening 212 Dairying 215 Cattle and Hog Raising 216 Sheep Raising 217 Cash Grain Farming 217 Reindeer Ranching 217 Fishing and Fish Farming 218