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Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 37, No. 3: 255-272, July 2021 https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2021.37.3.001 Review article The Etymology of Scientific Names for Korean Mammals Yeong-Seok Jo1, John L. Koprowski2, John T. Baccus3, Jung-Sun Yoo4,* 1Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea 2Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA 3Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 4Biological and Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea ABSTRACT Etymologies are explanations of what our words meant and how they sounded 600 to 2,000 years ago. When Linnaeus in the mid­1700s began naming animals with a binomial nomenclature, he based names on the Latin Grammatical Form. Since many names have Latin or Greek roots, the name for an animal is the same throughout the world because Latin is no longer a spoken language and meanings of names will not evolve or change. In his use of Latin or a Latinized word for the genus and species, Linnaeus used descriptive words that will always be the same. Notwithstanding the importance of etymologies for scientific names, no study has addressed the etymology of scientific names for Korean mammals. Here, we list etymologies for scientific names of 127 mammal species, 84 genera, 32 families, and 8 orders from Korea. The origins of etymologies are mostly based on morphology, color of pelage, behavior, distribution, locality, country name, or a person’s name. This paper will be useful for new students and trained scholars studying Korean mammals. Keywords: etymology, Greek, Korea, Latin, mammals, scientific name INTRODUCTION published The Mammals of Korea in 2018 (Jo et al., 2018b). However, even the most recent publication on Korean mam­ Currently, 127 species of mammals are reported from Korea mals was deficient in an extensive disclosure of the etymo­ (Jo et al., 2018a, 2018b). Unfortunately, most large mam­ logy of scientific names for the mammals of Korea. mals in the country became extirpated, and the remaining A name can be a source for identification of an established large and meso­sized mammals have declined since the 20th item including living organisms (Srinivasulu, 2018). Since century (Jo and Baccus, 2015, 2016). Since mammals are Linnaeus (1759), the Latinized binomial nomenclature shaped charismatic, the public has a great interest in mammals. the essence of scientific names and taxonomic studies. The Also, mammals have a significant role in biological conser­ definition of Latin words is one of the most crucial factors vation and restoration (Jo et al., 2018b). Despite this interest to study (Simpson, 1961). Nevertheless, Greek­ and Latin­ in mammals, few biologists have published taxonomic based names are difficult for not only new students in this studies on the mammals of Korea (Jo et al., 2018a). Alth­ field of study but also trained scholars (Stangl et al., 1993). ough the mammalian fauna in Korea was studied with Japan Furthermore, the meaning of scientific names supplies and Manchuria during the Japanese invasion until 1945, the information about the taxon, such as morphology, color of first comprehensive study of the mammals of Korea was pelage, behavior, distribution, locality, country name, or a published in the late 1960s by Won (1967) and Won (1968) person’s name (Simpson, 1961). Since implementation of in South Korea and North Korea, respectively. Since the the first mammalian study in Korea in the late 19th century publication of these two books on the mammals of Korea, (Giglioli and Salvadori, 1887), the etymologies of the revision of the taxonomy of Korean mammals had rarely scientific names for Korean mammals remained unpublished. occurred until the National Institute of Biological Resources We had three aims for our paper: (1) to publish the etymo­ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative *To whom correspondence should be addressed Commons Attribution Non­Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ Tel: 82-32-590-7201, Fax: 82-32-590-7069 licenses/by­nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non­commercial use, distribution, E-mail: [email protected] and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. eISSN 2234-8190 Copyright The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo logies of the scientific names for the mammals of Korea However, Jaeger (1960) purported the name came from the for science, (2) to provide students a tool for learning the Tartar name of pika or little chief­hare. scientific names of the mammals of Korea, and (3) to produce a research resources for professional mammalian taxonomists. Genus Ochotona Link, 1795 Ochotona is the type genus of Ochotonidae (see the family section). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ochotona coreana Allen and Andrews, 1913 ­ Korean Pika For species accounts, we followed the most recent list of [coreana Corea (Korea)] Korean mammals (Jo et al., 2018a). We used online dic­ The specific epithet, coreana comes from Corea (Korea). = tionaries for Greek and Latin such as ‘Wiktionary (http://en. wiktionary.org)’ (Wikimedia Foundation, 2019) or ‘the Family Leporidae Fischer, 1817 online etymology dictionary (http://www.etymonline.com)’ [Lepus (L.) hare] (The Sociolist, 2017). We used sites for elusive terms, The family name comes from the type genus Lepus, = ‘Latin­Greek Derivatives’ (http://www.angelfire.com/de/ which is Latin word for hare. nestsite/modbiogreek.html) (Emmeluth, 2014), and ‘list of Latin and Greek words used in systematics’. ‘ (http://www. Genus Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 wikiwand.com/en/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_ The generic name Lepus stands for the Latin name for commonly_used_in_systematic_names)’ (Wikiwand, 2016), hare. ‘Aquatical Latin (http://aquaticallatin.info/)’ (Hayes, 2021) and ‘A Mammalian Lexicon (http://msu.edu/~mcelhinn/ Lepus coreanus Thomas, 1892 ­ Korean Hare zoology/ mammal words.htm) (Mcelhinny, 2014)’ [coreanus Korea] We followed Beolens et al. (2009) for eponyms. Place The specific epithet coreanus equals a Latinized name for = names are made specific with the current name in paren­ the main distribution of the species, Corea (Korea). thesis. We abbreviated Greek and Latin as ‘Gr.’ and ‘L.’, respectively. We checked the first descriptive paper for each Lepus mandshuricus Radde, 1861 ­ Manchurian Hare species to verify the accuracy of etymologies listed in this [mandshuricus Manchuria] paper, and used ‘Google Translate (http://translate.google. Like L. coreanus, the specific name, mandshuricus, came = com)’, for languages foreign to us. from the primary distribution, Manchuria The taxonomy follows Mammal of Korea (Jo et al., 2018a). Above genus level, we follow the third edition of Order Erinaceomorpha Gregory, 1910 Mammal species of the world (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). [Ericius (L.) hedgehog or spiked barrier Morphe (Gr.) For the order species, we organized it alphabetically. form] = + = The Latin word, ‘Ericius’ means a spike barrier, which represents a hedgehog. The Greek suffix for order name, RESULTS ‘­morpha’ means ‘form’. Order Lagomorpha Brandt, 1855 Family Erinaceidae G. Fischer, 1814 [Lagos (Gr.) hare Morphe (Gr.) form] Since the family and Order name come from the type The order name comes from the Greek word, ‘lagos’ genus Erinaceus, Erinaceidae and Erinaceomorpha have the = + = which means hare. The suffix for order name, ‘­morpha’ same etymology. also comes from the Greek word, morphe, which means ‘form’. Genus Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 The Latin generic name stands for hedgehog. Family Ochotonidae Thomas, 1897 [Ogdoj (Mongolian)=pika or Ogotno (Mongolian)=field Erinaceus amurensis Schrenk, 1858 ­ Amur Hedgehog mouse] [amurensis Amur] The family name comes from the type genus Ochotona. The specific epithet, amurensis comes from Amur Region, = The genus name for pika, Ochotona, might be derived from a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the Far the Mongolian word, ‘Ogdoj’, which refers to pika or ano­ Eastern Federal District, the main distribution of this spe­ ther Mongolian word, ‘Ogotno’, meaning field mouse. cies. 256 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals Order Soricomorpha Gregory, 1910 Shrew [Sorex (L.) from hurax (Gr.) Shrew Morphe (Gr.) form] [daphaeno predaceous (Gr.) don (Gr.) tooth] This order name derives from a combination of ‘Sorex’ The specific epithet daphaenodon comes from Greek = + = = + = and ‘morpha’. Sorex is the type genus name, which follows words. ‘Daphaeno’ means ‘predaceous’ and ‘odon (odontis)’ the Latin word for shrew. The Latin word, Sorex comes means ‘tooth’ (Colbert, 1935). from the Greek word, ‘huarx’. ‘­morpha’ means ‘form’ in Greek. Sorex gracillimus Thomas, 1907 ­ Slender Shrew [gracilli (L.) slender mus (L.) mouse] Family Soricidae G. Fischer, 1814 The specific epithet comes from its morphology. gracil­ = + = Like the order, the family name comes from the type limus means slender mouse in Latin. ‘gracillis’ is the Latin genus Sorex. word for slender and ‘mus’ is ‘mouse’ in Latin. Genus Crocidura Wagler, 1832 Sorex minutissimus Zimmermann, 1780 ­ Eurasian Least [Crocid Krokos (Gr.) yellow or wool oura (Gr.) tail] Shrew Crocidura derives from two Greek words, ‘Krokos (crocid)’ [minut (L.) tiny mus (L.) mouse] = = + = and ‘oura’. ‘Krokos’ means yellow or wool and ‘oura’ means The specific epithet minutissimus means a tiny mouse in = + = a tail. This generic name means woolen­like tail (Palmer and Latin. Merriam, 1904). Sorex isodon Turov, 1924 ­ Taiga Shrew Crocidura lasiura Dobson, 1890 ­ Ussuri White­toothed [iso equal (Gr.) odon (Gr.) teeth] Shrew The Greek word ‘iso’ denotes ‘equal’ and ‘odon’ connotes = + = [las (Gr.) hairy oura] ‘teeth’ in Greek. The specific epithet represents its even The specific epithet, lasiura also comes from two Greek dentition. = + words, ‘las (hair)’ and ‘oura (tail)’. Sorex caecutiens Laxmann, 1788 ­ Laxmann’s Shrew Crocidura shantungensis Miller, 1901 ­ Asian Lesser White­ [caecus (L.) blind; caecutius seeing badly] toothed Shrew The Latin word, ‘caecus’ means blind and ‘caecutius’ = = [shantungensis Shandong, China] indicates ‘seeing badly’. The specific epithet, shantungensis comes from its type = locality Shandong, China. Family Talpidae G. Fischer, 1814 [Talp (L.) mole] Genus Neomys Kaup, 1829 The family name comes from the type genus Talpa, which = [Neo (Gr.) New mys (Gr.) mouse] is the Latin name for mole, ‘Talp’ (Borror, 1960). A combination of two Greek words, ‘neo (new)’ and ‘mys = + = (mouse)’ form the generic name Neomys. Genus Mogera Pomel, 1848 [mogura (Japanese) mole] Neomys fodiens Pennant, 1771 ­ Eurasian Water Shrew The genus name Mogera comes from Japanese, ‘mogura = [fodiens (L.) digging] (モグラ)’, which means ‘mole’. The specific epithet fodiens originated from Latin and = means digging. Mogera robusta Nehring, 1891 ­ Ussuri Mole [robusta (L.) strong] Genus Sorex G. Fischer, 1814 The specific epithet, robusta from Latin implying ‘strong’. = [Sorex (L.) from hurax (Gr.)] The Latin genus name, Sorex means shrew (see the order Order Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779 section). [chiro (L.) digit ptera (L.) wing] The order name comes from Latin. The Latin prefix = + = Sorex mirabilis Ognev, 1937 ­ Ussuri Shrew ‘Chiro­’ indicates ‘hand’ or ‘digit’, which is from the Greek [mirabilis (L.) wonderful] word for hand, ‘Kheir’. The Latin suffix ‘­ptera’ denotes The specific epithet mirabilis means ‘wonderful’ in Latin. wing, which comes from the Greek word for wing, ‘pteron’. = Sorex daphaenodon Thomas, 1907 ­ Siberian Large­toothed Family Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 257 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo [Rhino (Gr.) nose lophos (Gr.) crest] Latin. The family name comes from the type genus Rhinolophus, = + = which depicts the morphology of this taxon. ‘Rhino’ is the Murina hilgendorfi Peters, 1880 ­ Hilgendorf’s Tube­nosed Greek word for nose and ‘lophos’, Greek for crest. Bats in Bat this family have a crested nose. [hilgendorfi Hilgendorf (name of person)] The specific name honors Franz Martin Hilgendorf (1839- = Genus Rhinolophus Lacepede, 1799 1904), a German zoologist (Beolens et al., 2009). [Rhino (Gr.) nose lophos (Gr.) crest] Rhinolophus is the only extant genus in the family. The Murina ussuriensis Ognev, 1913 ­ Ussurian Tube­nosed Bat = + = generic name Rhinolophus has the Greek etymology (see the [ussuriensis Ussuri] family name). The specific epithet, ussuriensis comes from its type local­ = ity, Ussuri, a river in east Asia, forming part of the boundary Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) ­ Greater between eastern Manchuria and the southeastern Russian Horseshoe Bat Federation in Asia. [ferrum (L.) iron equinus (L.) of horse] A combination of two Latin words, ‘ferrum (iron)’ and Genus Plecotus E. Geoffroy Saint­Hilaire, 1818 = + = ‘equinus (of horse)’ form the specific epithet. Therefore, the [Pleko (Gr.) twist or fold otus/ous/otos (Gr.) ear] Latin name suggests horseshoe. Plecotus depicts the ear morphology of these bats. In = + = Greek, ‘Pleko’ means twist or fold and ‘otus’, ear. Family Molossidae Gervais, 1856 [Moloss (Gr.) wolf or dog (Dog­faced or mastiff type dog)] Plecotus ognevi Kishida, 1927 ­ Ognev’s Long­eared Bat The family name comes from the type genus Molossus, [ognevi Ognev (name of person)] = which has a New World distribution. Molossus stands for a The specific epithet, ognevi honors a Russian mammalogist, = king in Greek mythology. The name represents a Mastiff­ Sergei Ivanovich Ognev (1886-1951; Beolens et al., 2009). type dog breed. The name depicts the dog­like face of these bats. Genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 [Mys (Gr.) mouse Otos (Gr.) ear] Genus Tadarida Rafinesque, 1814 The genus name, Myotis has a combination of two Greek = + = [Tadarida withered toad (L.) but it’s dubious and no words, ‘Mys (mouse)’ and ‘Otos (ear)’. consensus)] = Although the genus name Tadarida connotes a ‘withered Myotis rufoniger (Tomes, 1858) ­ Red and Black Myotis toad’ in Latin (Schwartz and Schwartz, 2001), Riccucci [rufus (L.) red niger (L.) black] (2015) assumed that Rafinesque named the genus using the The specific epithet, rufoniger means red (rufus) and = + = Calabrian and Sicilian dialect for a bat. There is no consensus black (niger) in Latin. for the genus name. Myotis bombinus Thomas, 1906 ­ Far Eastern Myotis Tadarida insignis (Blyth, 1862) ­ East Asian Free­tailed Bat [bombinus bombos (Gr.) booming sound] [insignis (L.) remarkable] The specific epithet bombinus is derived from a Greek = = The specific epithet insignis comes from Latin meaning word, ‘bombos’, which means a buzzing sound. = ‘remarkable’ due to its rapid growth. Myotis macrodactylus (Temminck, 1838) ­ Big­footed Myotis Family Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821 [macro (Gr.) big dactyl (Gr.) toe] [Vesper (L.) evening] The specific epithet, macrodactylus means big foot in = + = Vespertilionidae comes from the type genus Vespertilio. Greek. ‘Macro­’ is a prefix for large and ‘dactyl’ is a foot. = The family name explains the flight behavior of these bats. The Latin word, ‘vesper’ means evening. Myotis petax Hollister, 1912 ­ Eastern Water Bat [petax (L.) catching at] Genus Murina Gray, 1842 The specific epithet, petax remains uncertain. In Latin, = [Mur (L.) mouse] ‘petax’ forms an adjective meaning ‘catching at’. The genus name Murina comes from the Latin word ‘Mur = (mouse)’. It also means mouse­colored or gray­colored in Myotis longicaudatus Ognev, 1927 ­ Long­tailed Myotis 258 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals [longi (L.) long cauda (L.) tail atus (L.) adjective The specific name also comes from the Latin word, ‘mus suffix] (mouse)’. = + = + = The word, longicaudatus means long tailed in Latin. ‘Longi­’ is a Latin prefix for long, ‘cauda’ is a tail, and ‘­atus’ Vespertilio sinensis (Peters, 1880) ­ Asian Particolored Bat is a suffix for forming adjectives from nouns. [sinensis Chinese] The specific epithet, sinensis stands for its main distribu­ = Myotis ikonnikovi Ognev, 1912 ­ Ikonnikov’s Myotis tion. ‘Sinensis’ is ‘Chinese’ in Latin. [ikonnikovi Ikonnikov (name of person)] The specific epithet, ikonnikovi was named after a Russian Genus Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 = entomologist, Nikolaus F. Ikonnikov (dates not found), who collected bats in Siberia and sent them to Ognev (Beolens et Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) ­ Northern al., 2009). Bat [Epten (Gr.) fly esicus (oikos, Gr.) house] Myotis sibiricus (Kastshenko, 1905) ­ Siberian Myotis The generic name Eptesicus comes from its nesting = + = [sibiricus Siberia] behavior. Eptesicus bats frequently roost in a house or buil­ This species mostly inhabits Siberia and the specific ding. The name is a combination of Greek words, Epten = epithet, sibiricus recognizes the Siberian location. (fly) and esicus ( oikos, house). = Myotis davidii (Peters, 1869) ­ David’s Myotis [nilssonii Nilsson (name of person)] [davidii David (name of person)] nilssonii honors a Swedish zoologist, Sven Nilsson = According to Peters (1869), the type specimen was col­ (1787-1883; Beolens et al., 2009). = lected by Armand David (1826-1900) in Beijing and sent to Paris. Therefore, the specific name was after David. Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) ­ Common Serotine [sero (L.) late ­tinus (L.) time (adj)] Genus Nyctalus Bowditch, 1825 The specific epithet means ‘late’ in Latin. The name = + = [Nyx, Nyctos (Gr.) night ala (L.) wing] explains the late daily time of occurrence of this bat. A combination of a Greek word, ‘Nyctos (night)’ and Latin = + = word, ‘ala (wing)’ forms the genus name. Genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 [Pipio (L.) I squeak] Nyctalus aviator Thomas, 1911 ­ Bird­like Noctule Pipistrellus comes from Italian, ‘pipistrello (bat)’. ‘Pipio’ = [aviator (French) flyer] means ‘I squeak or chirp’ in Latin. Pipistrellus bats use The specific epithet, aviator comes from the French word audible squeaking. = ‘aviateur’ meaning flyer. The French word derived from Latin ‘avis (bird)’. Pipistrellus abramus (Temminck, 1838) ­ Japanese Pipistrelle [abramus abram, Abraham (name of person)] Nyctalus furvus Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki, 1968 ­ Japanese Although abramus comes from name Abram or Abraham, = Noctule Temminck (1838) did not provide information about the [furvus dark, brown, black, dusky] name. The Latin word, furvus means dark or black colored. The = Korean population was classified as N. noctula. The specific Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 ­ Endo’s Pipistrelle name noctula comes from Latin, ‘noctis (night)’. [endoi Endo (name of person)] [noctula (noctis, L.) night] The specific epithet, endoi comes from Mr. Kimio Endo = (1933-), who collected the type specimen of this species = Genus Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 and Imaizumi named it in honor of him (Beolens et al., [Vesper (L.) evening] 2009). Vespertilio is the type genus for the family Vespertilionidae. = The genus name derived from the Latin word evening (see the Genus Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 family section). [Hyps (Gr.) on high aloft] The genus name derived from the Greek word, ‘hyps’ = Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Particolored Bat means ‘height’, ‘aloft’, or ‘high’. [mus (L.) mouse] = Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 259 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo Hypsugo alaschanicus (Bobrinskoj, 1926) ­ Alashanian Bear Pipistrelle [thibet Tibet] [alaschanicus Alashan (Mt. Haran)] With the type locality of Assam, India, the primary = The specific epithet comes from the type locality, Alashan distribution of this bear was regarded as around Tibet. = (Mt. Haran). Therefore, the specific epithet, thibetanus came from Tibet. Family Miniopteridae Dobson, 1875 Family Mustelidae Fischer, 1817 [Minio minum (L.) bright red pteron (Gr.) wing] [Mustela (L.) weasel] The family name comes from the type genus Miniopterus. The family name came from the type genus Mustela, = = + = = ‘Minus’ from Latin means ‘less’ and ‘pteron’, a Greek word Latin word for weasel, ‘mustela’. for wing. Therefore, the name means narrow­winged. Genus Lutra Brisson, 1762 Genus Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837 [Lutra (L.) otter from udrah (Sanskrit) or enydris (Gr.)] [Minio minum (L.) bright red pteron (Gr.) wing] Lutra is the Latin name for otter, which comes from the = The generic name has a combination of Latin and Greek Sanskrit word for otter, udrah, or from the Greek word, = = + = (see the family section). enydris. Miniopterus fuliginosus (Hodgson, 1835) ­ Eastern Bent­ Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Eurasian Otter winged Bat [Lutra (L.) otter from udrah (Sanskrit) or enydris (Gr.)] [fuligo (L.) smoke osus (L.) full of] The genus name and specific epithet are same. = The specific epithet, fuliginosus comes from the Latin = + = word for smoky. Genus Martes Pinel, 1792 [Martes (L.) Marten] Miniopterus fuscus Bonhote, 1902 ­ Southeast Asian Long­ The generic name Martes is from the Latin name for = fingered Bat marten. [fuscus (L.) dark, dusky] The specific epithet, fuscus comes from the Latin word Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) ­ Yellow­throated Marten = for dark or dusky. The morphology of M. fuscus resembles [flavi (L.) golden or yellow gula (L.) throat] M. fuliginosus, but smaller. The specific epithet, flavigula means yellow throat in = + = Latin. The Latin word, ‘flavus’ is yellow, blond, or golden. Order Carnivora Bowdich, 1821 ‘Gula’ is neck or throat. [Carnis (L.) flesh voro (L.) devour] The order name Carnivora means a flesh devourer in Martes melampus (Wagner, 1841) ­ Japanese Marten = + = Latin. ‘Carnis’ is flesh and ‘voro’ means I devour. [melam (Gr.) black pus (Gr.) foot] The specific epithet, melampus means ‘black foot’. In = + = Family Ursidae Fischer, 1817 Greek, ‘melam’ means black and ‘pus’ means a foot. [Ursus (L.) bear] The family name comes from the type genus Ursus, Latin Martes zibellina (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Sable = word for bear, ‘ursus’. [zibellina (Italian) zohel , zibeline, sable] The Latin specific epithet, zibelina was derived from the = Genus Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 Italian name ‘zibzellino’. Other European names for sable [Ursus (L.) bear] are ‘zobel’, ‘sabel’, ‘zibeline’, and ‘cilbelina’ come from the The genus Ursus, comes from Latin word for bear, ‘ursus’. Russian and Polish name ‘sobol’. English common name = sable also has the same origin. Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Brown Bear [arctos (Gr.) bear] Genus Meles Brisson, 1762 Like the genus name Ursus comes from the Latin word [Meles (L.) badger] = for bear, the specific epithet, arctos comes from the Greek The Latin name Meles stands for badger. = word for bear. Meles leucurus (Hodgson, 1847) ­ Asian Badger Ursus thibetanus G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1823 ­ Asian Black [leukos (Gr.) white urus (Gr.) tail] = + = 260 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals The specific epithet, leucurus represents a white­tailed Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Tiger animal. ‘leukos’ means white and ‘urus’ means a tail in [tigris (Gr. or L.) tiger] Greek. Both in Latin and Greek, ‘tigris’ means a tiger. = Genus Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Lynx Kerr, 1792 [Mus (L.) mouse telum (L.) spear] [Lynx lunx (Gr.) light or brightness] The generic name Mustela means a weasel in Latin. The Lynx is Latin for lynx, which derived from Greek ‘Lunx’. = + = = = Latin name comes from ‘mus (mouse)’ and ‘telum (spear)’. It could be derived from Proto­Indo­European word, ‘lewk’, Therefore, weasel could be translated to ‘mouse­ (piercing) which means light or brightness, because of light comes spear’ or ‘spear­like mouse’. from cat’s reflective eyes. Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 ­ Least Weasel Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Eurasian Lynx [nivus (L.) snow/nivalis of snow] [Lynx lunx (Gr.) light or brightness] The Latin name for specific epithet means ‘of snow’, The generic name and specific epithet are same. = = = = which derived from the Latin word, ‘nivus (snow)’. Genus Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858 Mustela eversmanii Lesson, 1827 ­ Steppe Polecat [Prion (Gr.) saw (tool) ailurus (Gr.) cat] [eversmanii Eversmann (name of person)] A combination of Greek words forms the genus name = + = The specific name, eversmanii honored a Russian physician Prionailurus, ‘prion (a saw that slices wood)’ and ‘ailurus = and entomologist, Alexander Eduard Friedrich Eversmann (cat)’. (1794-1860), who collected this species (Beolens et al., 2009). Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) ­ Leopard Cat [bengalensis Bengal] Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773 ­ Siberian Weasel The specific epithet comes from its type locality, Bengal. = [sibirica Siberia] The specific epithet, sibirica comes from the main dis­ Family Canidae Fischer, 1817 = tribution, Siberia. [Canis dog] The family name comes from the type genus Canis, Latin = Mustela altaica Pallas, 1811 ­ Mountain Weasel word for dog. [altaica Altai mountain] The type specimen of M. altaica was collected in the Genus Nyctereutes Temminck, 1838 = Altai Mountain. The specific epithet, altaica derived from [Nyctos (Gr.) night ereutes (Gr.) wanderer] the type locality. The genus name Nyctereutes means a night wanderer. = + = ‘Nyct’, a Latinized form of the Greek word, ‘nukt (night)’ Family Felidae Fischer, 1817 and ‘ereutes’ specifies a wanderer. [Felis (L.) cat] The family name Felidae comes from the type genus Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) ­ Raccoon Dog = Felis, Latin word for cat. [Pro (Gr.) before cyon (Gr.) dog; procyon (L.) raccoon oides (Gr.) looking] = + = = Genus Panthera Oken, 1816 Although ‘pro’ and ‘kuon (cyon)’ mean respectively + = [Pan (Gr.) all thera (Gr.) predator] ‘before’ and ‘dog’ in Greek, ‘procyon’ means a raccoon in The genus name, Panthera means ‘predator of all’. In Latin. Therefore, the specific epithet, procyonoides means = + = ancient Greek, ‘pan’ meant ‘all’ and ‘ther’ means ‘beast’, ‘raccoon like’ because ‘oides’ means ‘similar to’ or ‘looking’ especially beast of prey. in Greek. Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Leopard Genus Vulpes Frisch, 1775 [pardus (L.) leopard] [Vulpes (L.) fox] The Latin name pardus stands for a leopard, which came The generic name comes from Latin word for fox. = = from the Greek word, ‘pard (leopard)’ and ‘pardos (male leopard)’. Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Red Fox [Vulpes (L.) fox] = Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 261 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo Both the genus name and specific epithet, Vulpes means a Genus Zalophus Gill, 1866 fox in Latin. [Za (Gr.) intensive lophus (Gr.) crest] The generic name means ‘intensive crest’, which comes = + = Genus Cuon Hodgson, 1838 from two Greek words, ‘za (intensive)’ and ‘lopus (crest)’. [Cuon (Gr.) dog] The generic name Cuon (kuon) means dog in Greek. Both Zalophus japonicus (Peters, 1866) ­ Japanese Sea Lion = Canis and Cuon have the same etymology. [japonicus Japan] The specific epithet comes from the type locality, Japan. = Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) ­ Dhole [alpine (L.) mountain] Family Phocidae Gray, 1821 The specific epithet, alpinus comes from the Latin word [Phoc (Gr.) Seal] = for a high mountain such as the Alps. The family name comes from the type genus Phoca, = which is a Latin word for seal. Genus Canis Linnaeus, 1758 [Canis (L.) dog] Genus Histriophoca Gill, 1873 The generic name means a dog in Latin. [Histrio actor, stage player phoca seal] = Histriophoca has a combination of two Latin words, = + = Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Eurasian Wolf ‘histrio (actor or player)’ and ‘phoca (seal)’. [lupus (L.) wolf] The specific epithet, lupus means a wolf in Latin. Histriophoca fasciata (Zimmerman, 1783) ­ Ribbon Seal = [fasciata (L.) bandaged] Family Otariidae Gray, 1825 The specific epithet, fasciata means ‘bandaged’ in Latin, = [Otarion (Gr.) little ear] which depicts the banded patterns. The family name comes from the type genus Otaria. The = Greek word ‘otarin’ means ‘small ear’ (Chilvers, 2018). Genus Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 [Phoca (Gr. and L.) seal] Genus Callorhinus J. E. Gray, 1859 The generic name derives from the Latin word for seal, = [Callo (Gr.) Beautiful rhinus (Gr.) nose] ‘phoce’, which came from the Greek word, ‘phoke’. The genus name means ‘beautiful nose’ in Greek. ‘Callo’ = + = comes from ‘kallos (beauty)’ and ‘rhinus’ comes from ‘rhis Phoca largha Pallas, 1811 ­ Spotted Seal, largha seal (nose)’. [largha (Tungus language) seal] The specific epithet, largha comes from the Tungus = Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Northern Fur Seal language for this species. [urs (Gr.) bear] The specific epithet represents its ‘bear­like’ appearance. Genus Pusa Scopoli, 1771 = The Latin word, ‘urusinus’ means ‘from Ursus’, in other [Pusa (L.) girl] words, ‘bear­like’ or ‘resembling a bear’. In Latin, Pusa means ‘girl’. = Genus Eumetopias Gill, 1866 Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775) ­ Ringed Seal [Eu (Gr.) well metopias (Gr.) broad forehead] [hispida (L.) rough or bristly] The generic name has a combination of Greek words, ‘eu­’ hispida means ‘rough’ or ‘bristly’, which comes from its = + = = and ‘metopias’. The former means ‘well’ and later means stiff hair on the pelage (Ronald and Gots, 2003). ‘having a broad or high forehead’. The name explains the broad forehead of a sea lion. Order Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 [Artio (Gr.) even Dactyl (Gr.) digit] Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776) ­ Steller Sea Lion, The order name comes from the main character of = + = northern sea lion this order, even­toed. In Greek, ‘artios’ means even and [jubatus (L.) having a mane] ‘dactulos’ means digit. The specific epithet, jubatus means ‘maned’ or ‘having a = mane’ in Latin. Family Suidae Gray, 1821 [Sus (L.) from hus (Gr.) swine, pig] = 262 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals The family name comes from the type genus Sus, Latin Capreolus pygargus (Pallas, 1771) ­ Siberian Roe Deer word for swine. [puge (Gr.) rump argos (Gr.) shining white] The specific epithet, pygargus derived from the Greek = + = Genus Sus Linnaeus, 1758 words, ‘puge (rump)’ and ‘argos (shining white)’. [Sus (L.) from hus (Gr.) swine, pig] Generic name come from Latin. Sus is ‘pig’ and derived Genus Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 = from the Greek word, ‘husb (hog)’. [cervus (L.) deer] The generic name came from the Latin word ‘cornu = Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Wild Boar (horn)’ and Latin suffix ‘­vus’. The Latin word derived from [scrofa (L.) sow, swine] the Greek word, ‘keraos (horned)’. Therefore, Cervus means Specific epithet of the wild boar come from Latin. scrofa ‘horned’. = is ‘sow’. Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Red deer Family Moschidae Gray, 1821 [elaphos (Gr.) deer] [Moschus (Gr.) musk] The specific epithet comes from the Greek word ‘elaphos’, = The family name comes from the type genus Moschus, which means deer. = which is the only extant genus of Moschidae. Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838 ­ Sika Deer Genus Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 [nippon (Japanese) Japan] [Moschus (Gr.) musk] The type locality of this species is Nagasaki, Japan. The = Moschus comes from the Greek word, ‘moskhos’, which specific epithet, nippon comes from Japan ( Nippon). = means musk. = Family Bovidae Gray, 1821 Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Siberian Musk Deer [Bos ox head of cattle] [moschi (L.) musk fero (L.) bear or carry] The family name comes from the type genus Bos, Latin = = The specific epithet means ‘I carry musk’, because for ox. The prefix form of bos is ‘bov­’. = + = ‘moschi ( moschus)’ is musk and ‘ferus ( fero)’ is ‘I bear (carry)’ in Latin. Genus Naemorhedus C. H. Smith, 1827 = = [Nemoris (L.) forest haedus (L.) young goat] Family Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820 The generic name means forest goat. ‘Nemus’ means = + = [Cervus (L.) horned] ‘grove’ or ‘forest’ in Latin and ‘haedus’ means ‘young goat’. The family name comes from the type genus Cervus. = Naemorhedus caudatus (Milne­Edwards, 1867) ­ Long­ Genus Hydropotes Swinhoe, 1870 tailed Goral [Hydro (Gr.) water potes (L.) drinker] [caudatus (L.) having a tail] The generic name comes from a combination of Greek The specific epithet means having a tail. In Latin, ‘cauda’ = + = = and Latin. ‘Hydro’ stands for ‘water’ in Greek and ‘potes’ means a tail, and ‘­atus’ is a suffix for forming adjectives means ‘drinker’ in Latin. from nouns indicating the possession of a thing or quality. Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe, 1870 ­ Chinese Water Deer Order Cetacea Brisson, 1762 [inermis (L.) unarmed] [Cetus (L.) from Ketos (Gr.) Whale] Since this deer has no antlers, the name inermis was The order name comes from the Latin word ‘cetus’ for = = assigned. The specific epithet comes from the Latin prefix whale. ‘Cetus’ derived from the Greek word, ‘ketos’, huge ‘in­ (not)’, the word for weapon, ‘arma’, and the suffix ‘­is fish. Ketos functioned as a sea monster in Greek mythology. (­less)’. Artiodactyla and Cetacea are often considered a single Order Cetartiodactyla (O’Leary and Gatesy, 2008; O’Leary, Genus Capreolus Gray, 1821 2009). [Capra (L.) goat olus (L.) diminutive] The Latin name for the genus Capreolus means small Suborder Mysticeti Flower, 1864 = + = goat. ‘Capra’ in Latin means ‘goat’ and ‘olus’ is a diminutive [mysti (Gr.) moustache cetus (Gr.) whale] Latin suffix. The suborder name might be derived from a translation = + = Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 263 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo error from ‘ho mus to ketos (the mouse, i.e. the whale so 1887), a governor of Burma and Bengal (Beolens et al., called)’ to ‘mustiketos’ in Greek. Another etymology has 2009). The type specimen stranded on the Burma Coast and a combination of two Greek words, ‘mysti­ (moustache or Sir Eden made the specimen available for description. upper lip)’ and ‘­cetus (whale)’. Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Blue Whale Family Balaenidae Gray, 1821 [mus (L.) mouse culus (L.) diminutive] [Balaen (L.) whale] This whale has an ironic specific epithet. Although this = + = The family name comes from the type genus Balaena. whale is the largest mammal in the world, musculus means = Balaena means whale in Latin. a small mouse. In Latin, ‘mus’ means a mouse and ‘culus’ makes diminutive (Davis et al., 1997). Genus Eubalaena Gray, 1864 [Eu (Gr.) true or genuine balaena (L.) whale] Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Fin Whale The generic name Eubalaena means a true or right whale. [physalus (Gr.) puffed up toad; or physis (Gr.) nature + = The Greek prefix ‘Eu­’ means true or genuine. The Latin alos (Gr.) sea; or physa (Gr.) bellow or blow] = = + word ‘balaena’ comes from Greek, ‘phalaina’ for whale. In Greek, ‘physa’ means ‘bellow’ or ‘blow’ (Davis et al., = = 1997). It also means ‘sea’. Eubalaena japonica (Lacépède, 1818) ­ North Pacific Right Whale Genus Megaptera Gray, 1846 [japonica Japan] [Mega (Gr.) great pteron (Gr.) wing] The specific epithet was assigned after the type locality, The generic name Megaptera means ‘great wing’ in = = + = Japan. Greek (Davis et al., 1997). ‘Mega’ means ‘great’ and ‘pteron’ stands for ‘wing’. Family Balaenopteridae Gray, 1864 [Balaena (L.) from phallaena (Gr.) whale pteron (Gr.) Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) ­ Humpback wing] Whale = + = The family name comes from the type genus Balaenoptera. [nova (L.) new eangliae (L.) England] The specific epithet means New (nova) England (eangliae) = + = Genus Balaenoptera Lacepede, 1804 in Latin. The type locality for this whale centered on the [Balaena (L.) whale pteron (Gr.) wing] New England coast. A combination of the Latin word ‘balaena (whale)’ and = + = the Greek word ‘ptera (wing)’ form the generic name (Davis Family Eschrichtiidae Ellerman and Morrison­Scott, 1951 et al., 1997). The Latin word for whale, ‘balaen’ comes from The family name comes from the type genes Eschrichtius. the Greek word, ‘phalaina’ or ‘phallaena’. Genus Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 ­ Common [Eschrichtius Eschricht (name of person)] Minke Whale Gray (1864) named the genus Eschrichtius as a memorial = [acutus (L.) acute, sharp rostrum (L.) beaked] to Danish zoologist D. F. Eschricht. Professor Daniel Frederik The specific epithet means ‘sharp beaked’. Two Latin Eschricht (1798-1863) was a Danish naturalist, especially = + = words, ‘acutus (acute or sharp)’ and ‘rostrum (beaked)’ interested in whales (Beolens et al., 2009). Gray (1864) combine to form the specific name (Davis et al., 1997). named the genus Eschrichtius as a memorial to Eschricht. Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 ­ Sei Whale Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) ­ Gray Whale [bore (L.) north­wind alis (L.) pertaining to] [robust (L.) strong] The specific epithet has the same etymology of ‘borea’ The specific epithet, robustus means strong in Latin (Davis = + = = from the scientific name of Northern Pika Ochotona et al., 1997). hyperborea. Two Latin words, ‘bore (northwind)’ and ‘alis (pertaining to)’, means ‘belong to North’. Suborder Odontoceti Flower, 1867 [Odontos (Gr.) tooth ketos (Gr.) whale] Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879 ­ Bryde’s Whale The name of this suborder comes from Greek words, = + = [edeni Eden (name of person)] ‘odontos (tooth)’ and ‘Ketos (whale)’. The specific epithet, edeni honored Ashley Eden (1831- = 264 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272

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Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 37, No. 3: 255-272, July 2021 https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2021.37.3.001 Review article The Etymology of Scientific Names for Korean Mammals Yeong-Seok Jo1, John L. Koprowski2, John T. Baccus3, Jung-Sun Yoo4,* 1Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea 2Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA 3Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 4Biological and Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea ABSTRACT Etymologies are explanations of what our words meant and how they sounded 600 to 2,000 years ago. When Linnaeus in the mid­1700s began naming animals with a binomial nomenclature, he based names on the Latin Grammatical Form. Since many names have Latin or Greek roots, the name for an animal is the same throughout the world because Latin is no longer a spoken language and meanings of names will not evolve or change. In his use of Latin or a Latinized word for the genus and species, Linnaeus used descriptive words that will always be the same. Notwithstanding the importance of etymologies for scientific names, no study has addressed the etymology of scientific names for Korean mammals. Here, we list etymologies for scientific names of 127 mammal species, 84 genera, 32 families, and 8 orders from Korea. The origins of etymologies are mostly based on morphology, color of pelage, behavior, distribution, locality, country name, or a person’s name. This paper will be useful for new students and trained scholars studying Korean mammals. Keywords: etymology, Greek, Korea, Latin, mammals, scientific name INTRODUCTION published The Mammals of Korea in 2018 (Jo et al., 2018b). However, even the most recent publication on Korean mam­ Currently, 127 species of mammals are reported from Korea mals was deficient in an extensive disclosure of the etymo­ (Jo et al., 2018a, 2018b). Unfortunately, most large mam­ logy of scientific names for the mammals of Korea. mals in the country became extirpated, and the remaining A name can be a source for identification of an established large and meso­sized mammals have declined since the 20th item including living organisms (Srinivasulu, 2018). Since century (Jo and Baccus, 2015, 2016). Since mammals are Linnaeus (1759), the Latinized binomial nomenclature shaped charismatic, the public has a great interest in mammals. the essence of scientific names and taxonomic studies. The Also, mammals have a significant role in biological conser­ definition of Latin words is one of the most crucial factors vation and restoration (Jo et al., 2018b). Despite this interest to study (Simpson, 1961). Nevertheless, Greek­ and Latin­ in mammals, few biologists have published taxonomic based names are difficult for not only new students in this studies on the mammals of Korea (Jo et al., 2018a). Alth­ field of study but also trained scholars (Stangl et al., 1993). ough the mammalian fauna in Korea was studied with Japan Furthermore, the meaning of scientific names supplies and Manchuria during the Japanese invasion until 1945, the information about the taxon, such as morphology, color of first comprehensive study of the mammals of Korea was pelage, behavior, distribution, locality, country name, or a published in the late 1960s by Won (1967) and Won (1968) person’s name (Simpson, 1961). Since implementation of in South Korea and North Korea, respectively. Since the the first mammalian study in Korea in the late 19th century publication of these two books on the mammals of Korea, (Giglioli and Salvadori, 1887), the etymologies of the revision of the taxonomy of Korean mammals had rarely scientific names for Korean mammals remained unpublished. occurred until the National Institute of Biological Resources We had three aims for our paper: (1) to publish the etymo­ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative *To whom correspondence should be addressed Commons Attribution Non­Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ Tel: 82-32-590-7201, Fax: 82-32-590-7069 licenses/by­nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non­commercial use, distribution, E-mail: [email protected] and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. eISSN 2234-8190 Copyright The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo logies of the scientific names for the mammals of Korea However, Jaeger (1960) purported the name came from the for science, (2) to provide students a tool for learning the Tartar name of pika or little chief­hare. scientific names of the mammals of Korea, and (3) to produce a research resources for professional mammalian taxonomists. Genus Ochotona Link, 1795 Ochotona is the type genus of Ochotonidae (see the family section). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ochotona coreana Allen and Andrews, 1913 ­ Korean Pika For species accounts, we followed the most recent list of [coreana Corea (Korea)] Korean mammals (Jo et al., 2018a). We used online dic­ The specific epithet, coreana comes from Corea (Korea). = tionaries for Greek and Latin such as ‘Wiktionary (http://en. wiktionary.org)’ (Wikimedia Foundation, 2019) or ‘the Family Leporidae Fischer, 1817 online etymology dictionary (http://www.etymonline.com)’ [Lepus (L.) hare] (The Sociolist, 2017). We used sites for elusive terms, The family name comes from the type genus Lepus, = ‘Latin­Greek Derivatives’ (http://www.angelfire.com/de/ which is Latin word for hare. nestsite/modbiogreek.html) (Emmeluth, 2014), and ‘list of Latin and Greek words used in systematics’. ‘ (http://www. Genus Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 wikiwand.com/en/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_ The generic name Lepus stands for the Latin name for commonly_used_in_systematic_names)’ (Wikiwand, 2016), hare. ‘Aquatical Latin (http://aquaticallatin.info/)’ (Hayes, 2021) and ‘A Mammalian Lexicon (http://msu.edu/~mcelhinn/ Lepus coreanus Thomas, 1892 ­ Korean Hare zoology/ mammal words.htm) (Mcelhinny, 2014)’ [coreanus Korea] We followed Beolens et al. (2009) for eponyms. Place The specific epithet coreanus equals a Latinized name for = names are made specific with the current name in paren­ the main distribution of the species, Corea (Korea). thesis. We abbreviated Greek and Latin as ‘Gr.’ and ‘L.’, respectively. We checked the first descriptive paper for each Lepus mandshuricus Radde, 1861 ­ Manchurian Hare species to verify the accuracy of etymologies listed in this [mandshuricus Manchuria] paper, and used ‘Google Translate (http://translate.google. Like L. coreanus, the specific name, mandshuricus, came = com)’, for languages foreign to us. from the primary distribution, Manchuria The taxonomy follows Mammal of Korea (Jo et al., 2018a). Above genus level, we follow the third edition of Order Erinaceomorpha Gregory, 1910 Mammal species of the world (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). [Ericius (L.) hedgehog or spiked barrier Morphe (Gr.) For the order species, we organized it alphabetically. form] = + = The Latin word, ‘Ericius’ means a spike barrier, which represents a hedgehog. The Greek suffix for order name, RESULTS ‘­morpha’ means ‘form’. Order Lagomorpha Brandt, 1855 Family Erinaceidae G. Fischer, 1814 [Lagos (Gr.) hare Morphe (Gr.) form] Since the family and Order name come from the type The order name comes from the Greek word, ‘lagos’ genus Erinaceus, Erinaceidae and Erinaceomorpha have the = + = which means hare. The suffix for order name, ‘­morpha’ same etymology. also comes from the Greek word, morphe, which means ‘form’. Genus Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 The Latin generic name stands for hedgehog. Family Ochotonidae Thomas, 1897 [Ogdoj (Mongolian)=pika or Ogotno (Mongolian)=field Erinaceus amurensis Schrenk, 1858 ­ Amur Hedgehog mouse] [amurensis Amur] The family name comes from the type genus Ochotona. The specific epithet, amurensis comes from Amur Region, = The genus name for pika, Ochotona, might be derived from a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the Far the Mongolian word, ‘Ogdoj’, which refers to pika or ano­ Eastern Federal District, the main distribution of this spe­ ther Mongolian word, ‘Ogotno’, meaning field mouse. cies. 256 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals Order Soricomorpha Gregory, 1910 Shrew [Sorex (L.) from hurax (Gr.) Shrew Morphe (Gr.) form] [daphaeno predaceous (Gr.) don (Gr.) tooth] This order name derives from a combination of ‘Sorex’ The specific epithet daphaenodon comes from Greek = + = = + = and ‘morpha’. Sorex is the type genus name, which follows words. ‘Daphaeno’ means ‘predaceous’ and ‘odon (odontis)’ the Latin word for shrew. The Latin word, Sorex comes means ‘tooth’ (Colbert, 1935). from the Greek word, ‘huarx’. ‘­morpha’ means ‘form’ in Greek. Sorex gracillimus Thomas, 1907 ­ Slender Shrew [gracilli (L.) slender mus (L.) mouse] Family Soricidae G. Fischer, 1814 The specific epithet comes from its morphology. gracil­ = + = Like the order, the family name comes from the type limus means slender mouse in Latin. ‘gracillis’ is the Latin genus Sorex. word for slender and ‘mus’ is ‘mouse’ in Latin. Genus Crocidura Wagler, 1832 Sorex minutissimus Zimmermann, 1780 ­ Eurasian Least [Crocid Krokos (Gr.) yellow or wool oura (Gr.) tail] Shrew Crocidura derives from two Greek words, ‘Krokos (crocid)’ [minut (L.) tiny mus (L.) mouse] = = + = and ‘oura’. ‘Krokos’ means yellow or wool and ‘oura’ means The specific epithet minutissimus means a tiny mouse in = + = a tail. This generic name means woolen­like tail (Palmer and Latin. Merriam, 1904). Sorex isodon Turov, 1924 ­ Taiga Shrew Crocidura lasiura Dobson, 1890 ­ Ussuri White­toothed [iso equal (Gr.) odon (Gr.) teeth] Shrew The Greek word ‘iso’ denotes ‘equal’ and ‘odon’ connotes = + = [las (Gr.) hairy oura] ‘teeth’ in Greek. The specific epithet represents its even The specific epithet, lasiura also comes from two Greek dentition. = + words, ‘las (hair)’ and ‘oura (tail)’. Sorex caecutiens Laxmann, 1788 ­ Laxmann’s Shrew Crocidura shantungensis Miller, 1901 ­ Asian Lesser White­ [caecus (L.) blind; caecutius seeing badly] toothed Shrew The Latin word, ‘caecus’ means blind and ‘caecutius’ = = [shantungensis Shandong, China] indicates ‘seeing badly’. The specific epithet, shantungensis comes from its type = locality Shandong, China. Family Talpidae G. Fischer, 1814 [Talp (L.) mole] Genus Neomys Kaup, 1829 The family name comes from the type genus Talpa, which = [Neo (Gr.) New mys (Gr.) mouse] is the Latin name for mole, ‘Talp’ (Borror, 1960). A combination of two Greek words, ‘neo (new)’ and ‘mys = + = (mouse)’ form the generic name Neomys. Genus Mogera Pomel, 1848 [mogura (Japanese) mole] Neomys fodiens Pennant, 1771 ­ Eurasian Water Shrew The genus name Mogera comes from Japanese, ‘mogura = [fodiens (L.) digging] (モグラ)’, which means ‘mole’. The specific epithet fodiens originated from Latin and = means digging. Mogera robusta Nehring, 1891 ­ Ussuri Mole [robusta (L.) strong] Genus Sorex G. Fischer, 1814 The specific epithet, robusta from Latin implying ‘strong’. = [Sorex (L.) from hurax (Gr.)] The Latin genus name, Sorex means shrew (see the order Order Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779 section). [chiro (L.) digit ptera (L.) wing] The order name comes from Latin. The Latin prefix = + = Sorex mirabilis Ognev, 1937 ­ Ussuri Shrew ‘Chiro­’ indicates ‘hand’ or ‘digit’, which is from the Greek [mirabilis (L.) wonderful] word for hand, ‘Kheir’. The Latin suffix ‘­ptera’ denotes The specific epithet mirabilis means ‘wonderful’ in Latin. wing, which comes from the Greek word for wing, ‘pteron’. = Sorex daphaenodon Thomas, 1907 ­ Siberian Large­toothed Family Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 257 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo [Rhino (Gr.) nose lophos (Gr.) crest] Latin. The family name comes from the type genus Rhinolophus, = + = which depicts the morphology of this taxon. ‘Rhino’ is the Murina hilgendorfi Peters, 1880 ­ Hilgendorf’s Tube­nosed Greek word for nose and ‘lophos’, Greek for crest. Bats in Bat this family have a crested nose. [hilgendorfi Hilgendorf (name of person)] The specific name honors Franz Martin Hilgendorf (1839- = Genus Rhinolophus Lacepede, 1799 1904), a German zoologist (Beolens et al., 2009). [Rhino (Gr.) nose lophos (Gr.) crest] Rhinolophus is the only extant genus in the family. The Murina ussuriensis Ognev, 1913 ­ Ussurian Tube­nosed Bat = + = generic name Rhinolophus has the Greek etymology (see the [ussuriensis Ussuri] family name). The specific epithet, ussuriensis comes from its type local­ = ity, Ussuri, a river in east Asia, forming part of the boundary Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) ­ Greater between eastern Manchuria and the southeastern Russian Horseshoe Bat Federation in Asia. [ferrum (L.) iron equinus (L.) of horse] A combination of two Latin words, ‘ferrum (iron)’ and Genus Plecotus E. Geoffroy Saint­Hilaire, 1818 = + = ‘equinus (of horse)’ form the specific epithet. Therefore, the [Pleko (Gr.) twist or fold otus/ous/otos (Gr.) ear] Latin name suggests horseshoe. Plecotus depicts the ear morphology of these bats. In = + = Greek, ‘Pleko’ means twist or fold and ‘otus’, ear. Family Molossidae Gervais, 1856 [Moloss (Gr.) wolf or dog (Dog­faced or mastiff type dog)] Plecotus ognevi Kishida, 1927 ­ Ognev’s Long­eared Bat The family name comes from the type genus Molossus, [ognevi Ognev (name of person)] = which has a New World distribution. Molossus stands for a The specific epithet, ognevi honors a Russian mammalogist, = king in Greek mythology. The name represents a Mastiff­ Sergei Ivanovich Ognev (1886-1951; Beolens et al., 2009). type dog breed. The name depicts the dog­like face of these bats. Genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 [Mys (Gr.) mouse Otos (Gr.) ear] Genus Tadarida Rafinesque, 1814 The genus name, Myotis has a combination of two Greek = + = [Tadarida withered toad (L.) but it’s dubious and no words, ‘Mys (mouse)’ and ‘Otos (ear)’. consensus)] = Although the genus name Tadarida connotes a ‘withered Myotis rufoniger (Tomes, 1858) ­ Red and Black Myotis toad’ in Latin (Schwartz and Schwartz, 2001), Riccucci [rufus (L.) red niger (L.) black] (2015) assumed that Rafinesque named the genus using the The specific epithet, rufoniger means red (rufus) and = + = Calabrian and Sicilian dialect for a bat. There is no consensus black (niger) in Latin. for the genus name. Myotis bombinus Thomas, 1906 ­ Far Eastern Myotis Tadarida insignis (Blyth, 1862) ­ East Asian Free­tailed Bat [bombinus bombos (Gr.) booming sound] [insignis (L.) remarkable] The specific epithet bombinus is derived from a Greek = = The specific epithet insignis comes from Latin meaning word, ‘bombos’, which means a buzzing sound. = ‘remarkable’ due to its rapid growth. Myotis macrodactylus (Temminck, 1838) ­ Big­footed Myotis Family Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821 [macro (Gr.) big dactyl (Gr.) toe] [Vesper (L.) evening] The specific epithet, macrodactylus means big foot in = + = Vespertilionidae comes from the type genus Vespertilio. Greek. ‘Macro­’ is a prefix for large and ‘dactyl’ is a foot. = The family name explains the flight behavior of these bats. The Latin word, ‘vesper’ means evening. Myotis petax Hollister, 1912 ­ Eastern Water Bat [petax (L.) catching at] Genus Murina Gray, 1842 The specific epithet, petax remains uncertain. In Latin, = [Mur (L.) mouse] ‘petax’ forms an adjective meaning ‘catching at’. The genus name Murina comes from the Latin word ‘Mur = (mouse)’. It also means mouse­colored or gray­colored in Myotis longicaudatus Ognev, 1927 ­ Long­tailed Myotis 258 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals [longi (L.) long cauda (L.) tail atus (L.) adjective The specific name also comes from the Latin word, ‘mus suffix] (mouse)’. = + = + = The word, longicaudatus means long tailed in Latin. ‘Longi­’ is a Latin prefix for long, ‘cauda’ is a tail, and ‘­atus’ Vespertilio sinensis (Peters, 1880) ­ Asian Particolored Bat is a suffix for forming adjectives from nouns. [sinensis Chinese] The specific epithet, sinensis stands for its main distribu­ = Myotis ikonnikovi Ognev, 1912 ­ Ikonnikov’s Myotis tion. ‘Sinensis’ is ‘Chinese’ in Latin. [ikonnikovi Ikonnikov (name of person)] The specific epithet, ikonnikovi was named after a Russian Genus Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 = entomologist, Nikolaus F. Ikonnikov (dates not found), who collected bats in Siberia and sent them to Ognev (Beolens et Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) ­ Northern al., 2009). Bat [Epten (Gr.) fly esicus (oikos, Gr.) house] Myotis sibiricus (Kastshenko, 1905) ­ Siberian Myotis The generic name Eptesicus comes from its nesting = + = [sibiricus Siberia] behavior. Eptesicus bats frequently roost in a house or buil­ This species mostly inhabits Siberia and the specific ding. The name is a combination of Greek words, Epten = epithet, sibiricus recognizes the Siberian location. (fly) and esicus ( oikos, house). = Myotis davidii (Peters, 1869) ­ David’s Myotis [nilssonii Nilsson (name of person)] [davidii David (name of person)] nilssonii honors a Swedish zoologist, Sven Nilsson = According to Peters (1869), the type specimen was col­ (1787-1883; Beolens et al., 2009). = lected by Armand David (1826-1900) in Beijing and sent to Paris. Therefore, the specific name was after David. Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) ­ Common Serotine [sero (L.) late ­tinus (L.) time (adj)] Genus Nyctalus Bowditch, 1825 The specific epithet means ‘late’ in Latin. The name = + = [Nyx, Nyctos (Gr.) night ala (L.) wing] explains the late daily time of occurrence of this bat. A combination of a Greek word, ‘Nyctos (night)’ and Latin = + = word, ‘ala (wing)’ forms the genus name. Genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 [Pipio (L.) I squeak] Nyctalus aviator Thomas, 1911 ­ Bird­like Noctule Pipistrellus comes from Italian, ‘pipistrello (bat)’. ‘Pipio’ = [aviator (French) flyer] means ‘I squeak or chirp’ in Latin. Pipistrellus bats use The specific epithet, aviator comes from the French word audible squeaking. = ‘aviateur’ meaning flyer. The French word derived from Latin ‘avis (bird)’. Pipistrellus abramus (Temminck, 1838) ­ Japanese Pipistrelle [abramus abram, Abraham (name of person)] Nyctalus furvus Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki, 1968 ­ Japanese Although abramus comes from name Abram or Abraham, = Noctule Temminck (1838) did not provide information about the [furvus dark, brown, black, dusky] name. The Latin word, furvus means dark or black colored. The = Korean population was classified as N. noctula. The specific Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 ­ Endo’s Pipistrelle name noctula comes from Latin, ‘noctis (night)’. [endoi Endo (name of person)] [noctula (noctis, L.) night] The specific epithet, endoi comes from Mr. Kimio Endo = (1933-), who collected the type specimen of this species = Genus Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 and Imaizumi named it in honor of him (Beolens et al., [Vesper (L.) evening] 2009). Vespertilio is the type genus for the family Vespertilionidae. = The genus name derived from the Latin word evening (see the Genus Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 family section). [Hyps (Gr.) on high aloft] The genus name derived from the Greek word, ‘hyps’ = Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Particolored Bat means ‘height’, ‘aloft’, or ‘high’. [mus (L.) mouse] = Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 259 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo Hypsugo alaschanicus (Bobrinskoj, 1926) ­ Alashanian Bear Pipistrelle [thibet Tibet] [alaschanicus Alashan (Mt. Haran)] With the type locality of Assam, India, the primary = The specific epithet comes from the type locality, Alashan distribution of this bear was regarded as around Tibet. = (Mt. Haran). Therefore, the specific epithet, thibetanus came from Tibet. Family Miniopteridae Dobson, 1875 Family Mustelidae Fischer, 1817 [Minio minum (L.) bright red pteron (Gr.) wing] [Mustela (L.) weasel] The family name comes from the type genus Miniopterus. The family name came from the type genus Mustela, = = + = = ‘Minus’ from Latin means ‘less’ and ‘pteron’, a Greek word Latin word for weasel, ‘mustela’. for wing. Therefore, the name means narrow­winged. Genus Lutra Brisson, 1762 Genus Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837 [Lutra (L.) otter from udrah (Sanskrit) or enydris (Gr.)] [Minio minum (L.) bright red pteron (Gr.) wing] Lutra is the Latin name for otter, which comes from the = The generic name has a combination of Latin and Greek Sanskrit word for otter, udrah, or from the Greek word, = = + = (see the family section). enydris. Miniopterus fuliginosus (Hodgson, 1835) ­ Eastern Bent­ Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Eurasian Otter winged Bat [Lutra (L.) otter from udrah (Sanskrit) or enydris (Gr.)] [fuligo (L.) smoke osus (L.) full of] The genus name and specific epithet are same. = The specific epithet, fuliginosus comes from the Latin = + = word for smoky. Genus Martes Pinel, 1792 [Martes (L.) Marten] Miniopterus fuscus Bonhote, 1902 ­ Southeast Asian Long­ The generic name Martes is from the Latin name for = fingered Bat marten. [fuscus (L.) dark, dusky] The specific epithet, fuscus comes from the Latin word Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785) ­ Yellow­throated Marten = for dark or dusky. The morphology of M. fuscus resembles [flavi (L.) golden or yellow gula (L.) throat] M. fuliginosus, but smaller. The specific epithet, flavigula means yellow throat in = + = Latin. The Latin word, ‘flavus’ is yellow, blond, or golden. Order Carnivora Bowdich, 1821 ‘Gula’ is neck or throat. [Carnis (L.) flesh voro (L.) devour] The order name Carnivora means a flesh devourer in Martes melampus (Wagner, 1841) ­ Japanese Marten = + = Latin. ‘Carnis’ is flesh and ‘voro’ means I devour. [melam (Gr.) black pus (Gr.) foot] The specific epithet, melampus means ‘black foot’. In = + = Family Ursidae Fischer, 1817 Greek, ‘melam’ means black and ‘pus’ means a foot. [Ursus (L.) bear] The family name comes from the type genus Ursus, Latin Martes zibellina (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Sable = word for bear, ‘ursus’. [zibellina (Italian) zohel , zibeline, sable] The Latin specific epithet, zibelina was derived from the = Genus Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 Italian name ‘zibzellino’. Other European names for sable [Ursus (L.) bear] are ‘zobel’, ‘sabel’, ‘zibeline’, and ‘cilbelina’ come from the The genus Ursus, comes from Latin word for bear, ‘ursus’. Russian and Polish name ‘sobol’. English common name = sable also has the same origin. Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Brown Bear [arctos (Gr.) bear] Genus Meles Brisson, 1762 Like the genus name Ursus comes from the Latin word [Meles (L.) badger] = for bear, the specific epithet, arctos comes from the Greek The Latin name Meles stands for badger. = word for bear. Meles leucurus (Hodgson, 1847) ­ Asian Badger Ursus thibetanus G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1823 ­ Asian Black [leukos (Gr.) white urus (Gr.) tail] = + = 260 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals The specific epithet, leucurus represents a white­tailed Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Tiger animal. ‘leukos’ means white and ‘urus’ means a tail in [tigris (Gr. or L.) tiger] Greek. Both in Latin and Greek, ‘tigris’ means a tiger. = Genus Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Lynx Kerr, 1792 [Mus (L.) mouse telum (L.) spear] [Lynx lunx (Gr.) light or brightness] The generic name Mustela means a weasel in Latin. The Lynx is Latin for lynx, which derived from Greek ‘Lunx’. = + = = = Latin name comes from ‘mus (mouse)’ and ‘telum (spear)’. It could be derived from Proto­Indo­European word, ‘lewk’, Therefore, weasel could be translated to ‘mouse­ (piercing) which means light or brightness, because of light comes spear’ or ‘spear­like mouse’. from cat’s reflective eyes. Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 ­ Least Weasel Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Eurasian Lynx [nivus (L.) snow/nivalis of snow] [Lynx lunx (Gr.) light or brightness] The Latin name for specific epithet means ‘of snow’, The generic name and specific epithet are same. = = = = which derived from the Latin word, ‘nivus (snow)’. Genus Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858 Mustela eversmanii Lesson, 1827 ­ Steppe Polecat [Prion (Gr.) saw (tool) ailurus (Gr.) cat] [eversmanii Eversmann (name of person)] A combination of Greek words forms the genus name = + = The specific name, eversmanii honored a Russian physician Prionailurus, ‘prion (a saw that slices wood)’ and ‘ailurus = and entomologist, Alexander Eduard Friedrich Eversmann (cat)’. (1794-1860), who collected this species (Beolens et al., 2009). Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) ­ Leopard Cat [bengalensis Bengal] Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773 ­ Siberian Weasel The specific epithet comes from its type locality, Bengal. = [sibirica Siberia] The specific epithet, sibirica comes from the main dis­ Family Canidae Fischer, 1817 = tribution, Siberia. [Canis dog] The family name comes from the type genus Canis, Latin = Mustela altaica Pallas, 1811 ­ Mountain Weasel word for dog. [altaica Altai mountain] The type specimen of M. altaica was collected in the Genus Nyctereutes Temminck, 1838 = Altai Mountain. The specific epithet, altaica derived from [Nyctos (Gr.) night ereutes (Gr.) wanderer] the type locality. The genus name Nyctereutes means a night wanderer. = + = ‘Nyct’, a Latinized form of the Greek word, ‘nukt (night)’ Family Felidae Fischer, 1817 and ‘ereutes’ specifies a wanderer. [Felis (L.) cat] The family name Felidae comes from the type genus Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) ­ Raccoon Dog = Felis, Latin word for cat. [Pro (Gr.) before cyon (Gr.) dog; procyon (L.) raccoon oides (Gr.) looking] = + = = Genus Panthera Oken, 1816 Although ‘pro’ and ‘kuon (cyon)’ mean respectively + = [Pan (Gr.) all thera (Gr.) predator] ‘before’ and ‘dog’ in Greek, ‘procyon’ means a raccoon in The genus name, Panthera means ‘predator of all’. In Latin. Therefore, the specific epithet, procyonoides means = + = ancient Greek, ‘pan’ meant ‘all’ and ‘ther’ means ‘beast’, ‘raccoon like’ because ‘oides’ means ‘similar to’ or ‘looking’ especially beast of prey. in Greek. Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Leopard Genus Vulpes Frisch, 1775 [pardus (L.) leopard] [Vulpes (L.) fox] The Latin name pardus stands for a leopard, which came The generic name comes from Latin word for fox. = = from the Greek word, ‘pard (leopard)’ and ‘pardos (male leopard)’. Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Red Fox [Vulpes (L.) fox] = Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 261 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo Both the genus name and specific epithet, Vulpes means a Genus Zalophus Gill, 1866 fox in Latin. [Za (Gr.) intensive lophus (Gr.) crest] The generic name means ‘intensive crest’, which comes = + = Genus Cuon Hodgson, 1838 from two Greek words, ‘za (intensive)’ and ‘lopus (crest)’. [Cuon (Gr.) dog] The generic name Cuon (kuon) means dog in Greek. Both Zalophus japonicus (Peters, 1866) ­ Japanese Sea Lion = Canis and Cuon have the same etymology. [japonicus Japan] The specific epithet comes from the type locality, Japan. = Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) ­ Dhole [alpine (L.) mountain] Family Phocidae Gray, 1821 The specific epithet, alpinus comes from the Latin word [Phoc (Gr.) Seal] = for a high mountain such as the Alps. The family name comes from the type genus Phoca, = which is a Latin word for seal. Genus Canis Linnaeus, 1758 [Canis (L.) dog] Genus Histriophoca Gill, 1873 The generic name means a dog in Latin. [Histrio actor, stage player phoca seal] = Histriophoca has a combination of two Latin words, = + = Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Eurasian Wolf ‘histrio (actor or player)’ and ‘phoca (seal)’. [lupus (L.) wolf] The specific epithet, lupus means a wolf in Latin. Histriophoca fasciata (Zimmerman, 1783) ­ Ribbon Seal = [fasciata (L.) bandaged] Family Otariidae Gray, 1825 The specific epithet, fasciata means ‘bandaged’ in Latin, = [Otarion (Gr.) little ear] which depicts the banded patterns. The family name comes from the type genus Otaria. The = Greek word ‘otarin’ means ‘small ear’ (Chilvers, 2018). Genus Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 [Phoca (Gr. and L.) seal] Genus Callorhinus J. E. Gray, 1859 The generic name derives from the Latin word for seal, = [Callo (Gr.) Beautiful rhinus (Gr.) nose] ‘phoce’, which came from the Greek word, ‘phoke’. The genus name means ‘beautiful nose’ in Greek. ‘Callo’ = + = comes from ‘kallos (beauty)’ and ‘rhinus’ comes from ‘rhis Phoca largha Pallas, 1811 ­ Spotted Seal, largha seal (nose)’. [largha (Tungus language) seal] The specific epithet, largha comes from the Tungus = Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Northern Fur Seal language for this species. [urs (Gr.) bear] The specific epithet represents its ‘bear­like’ appearance. Genus Pusa Scopoli, 1771 = The Latin word, ‘urusinus’ means ‘from Ursus’, in other [Pusa (L.) girl] words, ‘bear­like’ or ‘resembling a bear’. In Latin, Pusa means ‘girl’. = Genus Eumetopias Gill, 1866 Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775) ­ Ringed Seal [Eu (Gr.) well metopias (Gr.) broad forehead] [hispida (L.) rough or bristly] The generic name has a combination of Greek words, ‘eu­’ hispida means ‘rough’ or ‘bristly’, which comes from its = + = = and ‘metopias’. The former means ‘well’ and later means stiff hair on the pelage (Ronald and Gots, 2003). ‘having a broad or high forehead’. The name explains the broad forehead of a sea lion. Order Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 [Artio (Gr.) even Dactyl (Gr.) digit] Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776) ­ Steller Sea Lion, The order name comes from the main character of = + = northern sea lion this order, even­toed. In Greek, ‘artios’ means even and [jubatus (L.) having a mane] ‘dactulos’ means digit. The specific epithet, jubatus means ‘maned’ or ‘having a = mane’ in Latin. Family Suidae Gray, 1821 [Sus (L.) from hus (Gr.) swine, pig] = 262 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 Etymology of Korean Mammals The family name comes from the type genus Sus, Latin Capreolus pygargus (Pallas, 1771) ­ Siberian Roe Deer word for swine. [puge (Gr.) rump argos (Gr.) shining white] The specific epithet, pygargus derived from the Greek = + = Genus Sus Linnaeus, 1758 words, ‘puge (rump)’ and ‘argos (shining white)’. [Sus (L.) from hus (Gr.) swine, pig] Generic name come from Latin. Sus is ‘pig’ and derived Genus Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 = from the Greek word, ‘husb (hog)’. [cervus (L.) deer] The generic name came from the Latin word ‘cornu = Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Wild Boar (horn)’ and Latin suffix ‘­vus’. The Latin word derived from [scrofa (L.) sow, swine] the Greek word, ‘keraos (horned)’. Therefore, Cervus means Specific epithet of the wild boar come from Latin. scrofa ‘horned’. = is ‘sow’. Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Red deer Family Moschidae Gray, 1821 [elaphos (Gr.) deer] [Moschus (Gr.) musk] The specific epithet comes from the Greek word ‘elaphos’, = The family name comes from the type genus Moschus, which means deer. = which is the only extant genus of Moschidae. Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838 ­ Sika Deer Genus Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 [nippon (Japanese) Japan] [Moschus (Gr.) musk] The type locality of this species is Nagasaki, Japan. The = Moschus comes from the Greek word, ‘moskhos’, which specific epithet, nippon comes from Japan ( Nippon). = means musk. = Family Bovidae Gray, 1821 Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758 ­ Siberian Musk Deer [Bos ox head of cattle] [moschi (L.) musk fero (L.) bear or carry] The family name comes from the type genus Bos, Latin = = The specific epithet means ‘I carry musk’, because for ox. The prefix form of bos is ‘bov­’. = + = ‘moschi ( moschus)’ is musk and ‘ferus ( fero)’ is ‘I bear (carry)’ in Latin. Genus Naemorhedus C. H. Smith, 1827 = = [Nemoris (L.) forest haedus (L.) young goat] Family Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820 The generic name means forest goat. ‘Nemus’ means = + = [Cervus (L.) horned] ‘grove’ or ‘forest’ in Latin and ‘haedus’ means ‘young goat’. The family name comes from the type genus Cervus. = Naemorhedus caudatus (Milne­Edwards, 1867) ­ Long­ Genus Hydropotes Swinhoe, 1870 tailed Goral [Hydro (Gr.) water potes (L.) drinker] [caudatus (L.) having a tail] The generic name comes from a combination of Greek The specific epithet means having a tail. In Latin, ‘cauda’ = + = = and Latin. ‘Hydro’ stands for ‘water’ in Greek and ‘potes’ means a tail, and ‘­atus’ is a suffix for forming adjectives means ‘drinker’ in Latin. from nouns indicating the possession of a thing or quality. Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe, 1870 ­ Chinese Water Deer Order Cetacea Brisson, 1762 [inermis (L.) unarmed] [Cetus (L.) from Ketos (Gr.) Whale] Since this deer has no antlers, the name inermis was The order name comes from the Latin word ‘cetus’ for = = assigned. The specific epithet comes from the Latin prefix whale. ‘Cetus’ derived from the Greek word, ‘ketos’, huge ‘in­ (not)’, the word for weapon, ‘arma’, and the suffix ‘­is fish. Ketos functioned as a sea monster in Greek mythology. (­less)’. Artiodactyla and Cetacea are often considered a single Order Cetartiodactyla (O’Leary and Gatesy, 2008; O’Leary, Genus Capreolus Gray, 1821 2009). [Capra (L.) goat olus (L.) diminutive] The Latin name for the genus Capreolus means small Suborder Mysticeti Flower, 1864 = + = goat. ‘Capra’ in Latin means ‘goat’ and ‘olus’ is a diminutive [mysti (Gr.) moustache cetus (Gr.) whale] Latin suffix. The suborder name might be derived from a translation = + = Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272 263 Yeong-Seok Jo, John L. Koprowski, John T. Baccus, Jung-Sun Yoo error from ‘ho mus to ketos (the mouse, i.e. the whale so 1887), a governor of Burma and Bengal (Beolens et al., called)’ to ‘mustiketos’ in Greek. Another etymology has 2009). The type specimen stranded on the Burma Coast and a combination of two Greek words, ‘mysti­ (moustache or Sir Eden made the specimen available for description. upper lip)’ and ‘­cetus (whale)’. Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Blue Whale Family Balaenidae Gray, 1821 [mus (L.) mouse culus (L.) diminutive] [Balaen (L.) whale] This whale has an ironic specific epithet. Although this = + = The family name comes from the type genus Balaena. whale is the largest mammal in the world, musculus means = Balaena means whale in Latin. a small mouse. In Latin, ‘mus’ means a mouse and ‘culus’ makes diminutive (Davis et al., 1997). Genus Eubalaena Gray, 1864 [Eu (Gr.) true or genuine balaena (L.) whale] Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) ­ Fin Whale The generic name Eubalaena means a true or right whale. [physalus (Gr.) puffed up toad; or physis (Gr.) nature + = The Greek prefix ‘Eu­’ means true or genuine. The Latin alos (Gr.) sea; or physa (Gr.) bellow or blow] = = + word ‘balaena’ comes from Greek, ‘phalaina’ for whale. In Greek, ‘physa’ means ‘bellow’ or ‘blow’ (Davis et al., = = 1997). It also means ‘sea’. Eubalaena japonica (Lacépède, 1818) ­ North Pacific Right Whale Genus Megaptera Gray, 1846 [japonica Japan] [Mega (Gr.) great pteron (Gr.) wing] The specific epithet was assigned after the type locality, The generic name Megaptera means ‘great wing’ in = = + = Japan. Greek (Davis et al., 1997). ‘Mega’ means ‘great’ and ‘pteron’ stands for ‘wing’. Family Balaenopteridae Gray, 1864 [Balaena (L.) from phallaena (Gr.) whale pteron (Gr.) Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) ­ Humpback wing] Whale = + = The family name comes from the type genus Balaenoptera. [nova (L.) new eangliae (L.) England] The specific epithet means New (nova) England (eangliae) = + = Genus Balaenoptera Lacepede, 1804 in Latin. The type locality for this whale centered on the [Balaena (L.) whale pteron (Gr.) wing] New England coast. A combination of the Latin word ‘balaena (whale)’ and = + = the Greek word ‘ptera (wing)’ form the generic name (Davis Family Eschrichtiidae Ellerman and Morrison­Scott, 1951 et al., 1997). The Latin word for whale, ‘balaen’ comes from The family name comes from the type genes Eschrichtius. the Greek word, ‘phalaina’ or ‘phallaena’. Genus Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 ­ Common [Eschrichtius Eschricht (name of person)] Minke Whale Gray (1864) named the genus Eschrichtius as a memorial = [acutus (L.) acute, sharp rostrum (L.) beaked] to Danish zoologist D. F. Eschricht. Professor Daniel Frederik The specific epithet means ‘sharp beaked’. Two Latin Eschricht (1798-1863) was a Danish naturalist, especially = + = words, ‘acutus (acute or sharp)’ and ‘rostrum (beaked)’ interested in whales (Beolens et al., 2009). Gray (1864) combine to form the specific name (Davis et al., 1997). named the genus Eschrichtius as a memorial to Eschricht. Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 ­ Sei Whale Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) ­ Gray Whale [bore (L.) north­wind alis (L.) pertaining to] [robust (L.) strong] The specific epithet has the same etymology of ‘borea’ The specific epithet, robustus means strong in Latin (Davis = + = = from the scientific name of Northern Pika Ochotona et al., 1997). hyperborea. Two Latin words, ‘bore (northwind)’ and ‘alis (pertaining to)’, means ‘belong to North’. Suborder Odontoceti Flower, 1867 [Odontos (Gr.) tooth ketos (Gr.) whale] Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879 ­ Bryde’s Whale The name of this suborder comes from Greek words, = + = [edeni Eden (name of person)] ‘odontos (tooth)’ and ‘Ketos (whale)’. The specific epithet, edeni honored Ashley Eden (1831- = 264 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 37(3), 255-272

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