S I X T H E D I T I O N THE ESSENTIAL WORLD HISTORY William J. Duiker Th e Pennsylvania State University Jackson J. Spielvogel Th e Pennsylvania State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Essential World History: © 2011, 2007, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Sixth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the William J. Duiker, Jackson J. 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Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 ABOUT THE AUTHORS WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian studies at Th e Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam, and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has written widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China, including the widely acclaimed Th e Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edi- tion, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: Th e Roots of Confl ict (Berkeley, 1987); Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (McGraw-H ill, 1995); and Ho Chi Minh: A Life (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. While his research specialization is in the fi eld of nationalism and Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are considerably more diverse. He has traveled widely and has taught courses on the History of Communism and n on-W estern civilizations at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the spring of 1 996. TO YVONNE, FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK, AND TO MY LIFE W.J.D. JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at Th e Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from Th e Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to Th e Social History of the Reformation, Th e Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (sixth edition, 2010). He is the author of Western Civilization published in 1991 (seventh edition, 2009). Professor Spielvogel has won fi ve major u niversity-w ide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching A ward. TO DIANE, WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE J.J.S. BRIEF CONTENTS DOCUMENTS XVI 15 Europe Transformed: Reform and State MAPS XVIII Building 361 FEATURES XX 16 The Muslim Empires 385 PREFACE XXI 17 The East Asian World 410 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII 18 The West on the Eve of a New World Order 435 THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD HISTORY XXIX A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE DATING OF TIME XXX IV Modern Patterns of World History STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI (–)  19 The Beginnings of Modernization: I The First Civilizations and the Rise of Industrialization and Nationalism in the Empires (Prehistory to  c.e.) xxxvi Nineteenth Century 464 20 The Americas and Society and Culture 1 The First Civilizations: The Peoples of in The West 490 Western Asia and Egypt 2 21 The High Tide of Imperialism 514 2 Ancient India 29 22 Shadows over the Pacifi c: East Asia 3 China in Antiquity 53 Under Challenge 540 4 The Civilization of the Greeks 79 23 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century 5 The First World Civilization: Rome, Crisis: War and Revolution 565 China, and the Emergence of the Silk 24 Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Road 105 Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America from 1919 to 1939 589 II New Patterns of Civilization  25 The Crisis Deepens: World War II 616 6 The Americas 134 7 Ferment in the Middle East: The Rise of V Toward a Global Civilization? The Islam 157 World Since   8 Early Civilizations in Africa 183 9 The Expansion of Civilization in Southern 26 East and West in the Grip of Asia 208 the Cold War 644 10 The Flowering of Traditional 27 Brave New World: Communism on China 235 Trial 671 11 The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, 28 Europe and the Western Hemisphere Korea, and Vietnam 262 Since 1945 697 12 The Making of Europe 286 29 Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East 722 13 The Byzantine Empire and Crisis and Recovery in the West 311 30 Toward the Pacifi c Century? 752 EPILOGUE 780 III The Emergence of New World GLOSSARY 786 Patterns (–)  PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 798 14 New Encounters: The Creation of a CHAPTER NOTES 811 World Market 334 INDEX 815 iv DETAILED CONTENTS DOCUMENTS XVI Th e Phoenicians 20 MAPS XVIII Th e “Children of Israel” 21 FEATURES XX Th e Rise of New Empires 22 PREFACE XXI Th e Assyrian Empire 22 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII Th e Persian Empire 24 THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD HISTORY XXIX Suggested Reading 27 A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE Discovery 28 DATING OF TIME XXX 2 STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI ANCIENT INDIA 29 I The First Civilizations and Th e Emergence of Civilization in India: the Rise of Empires (Prehistory Harappan Society 30 to  c.e.) xxxvi A Land of Diversity 30 1 Harappan Civilization: A Fascinating Enigma 30 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: THE Th e Arrival of the Aryans 32 PEOPLES OF WESTERN ASIA AND COMPARATIVE ESSAY EGYPT 2 Writing and Civilization 33 Th e Early Aryans 34 Th e First Humans 3 Th e Mauryan Empire 35 Th e Emergence of Homo sapiens 3 Caste and Class: Social Structures in Ancient India 36 Th e Hunter-Gatherers of the Paleolithic Age 3 Daily Life in Ancient India 38 Th e Neolithic Revolution, c. 10,000–4000 b.c.e. 4 Th e Economy 39 COMPARATIVE ESSAY From Hunter-Gatherers and Herders to Escaping the Wheel of Life: Th e Religious World Farmers 6 of Ancient India 41 Th e Emergence of Civilization 7 Hinduism 41 Buddhism: Th e Middle Path 43 Civilization in Mesopotamia 8 Th e City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 8 Th e Rule of the Fishes: India Aft er Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 9 the Mauryas 47 Th e Culture of Mesopotamia 11 Th e Exuberant World of Indian Culture 47 Egyptian Civilization: “Th e Gift of the Nile” 12 Literature 47 Th e Importance of Geography 12 Architecture and Sculpture 48 Th e Importance of Religion 13 Science 50 Th e Course of Egyptian History: Th e Old, Middle, Suggested Reading 51 and New Kingdoms 14 Discovery 52 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Akhenaten’s Hymn to Aten and Psalm 104 of 3 the Hebrew Bible 17 CHINA IN ANTIQUITY 53 Society and Daily Life in Ancient Egypt 18 Th e Culture of Egypt: Art and Writing 18 Th e Dawn of Chinese Civilization 54 Th e Spread of Egyptian Infl uence: Nubia 19 Th e Land and People of China 54 Th e Shang Dynasty 55 New Centers of Civilization 19 Th e Role of Nomadic Peoples 20 Th e Zhou Dynasty 57 v COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests The Use of Metals 58 of Alexander 95 Political Structures 59 Alexander the Great 95 Economy and Society 59 Th e World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 97 Th e Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy 60 Political Institutions and the Role of Cities 97 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A Debate over Good and Evil 63 Culture in the Hellenistic World 98 FILM & HISTORY Th e First Chinese Empire: Th e Qin Dynasty Alexander (2004) 99 (221–206 b.c.e.) 65 Suggested Reading 103 Political Structures 67 Discovery 104 Society and the Economy 67 Beyond the Frontier: Th e Nomadic Peoples and the Great Wall 68 5 Th e Fall of the Qin 69 THE FIRST WORLD CIVILIZATION: ROME, CHINA, AND THE Daily Life in Ancient China 70 EMERGENCE OF THE SILK Th e Role of the Family 70 ROAD 105 Lifestyles 71 Cities 71 Early Rome and the Republic 106 Th e Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China 72 Early Rome 106 Chinese Culture 72 Th e Roman Republic 107 Metalwork and Sculpture 72 Th e Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean Language and Literature 74 (264–133 b.c.e.) 110 Music 75 Th e Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133–31 b.c.e.) 111 Suggested Reading 77 Th e Roman Empire at Its Height 112 Discovery 78 4 Th e Age of Augustus (31 b.c.e.–14 c.e.) 113 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE Th e Early Empire (14–180) 113 GREEKS 79 Culture and Society in the Roman World 115 Crisis and the Late Empire 117 Early Greece 80 Crises in the Th ird Century 117 Minoan Crete 80 Th e Late Roman Empire 118 Th e First Greek State: Mycenae 81 Th e Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 b.c.e.) 82 Transformation of the Roman World: Th e Development Th e Greek City-States (c. 750–c. 500 b.c.e.) 83 of Christianity 119 Th e Polis 83 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Rulers and Gods 120 Colonization and the Growth of Trade 85 Th e Origins of Christianity 121 Tyranny in the Greek Polis 85 Th e Spread of Christianity 121 Sparta 85 Th e Triumph of Christianity 122 Athens 87 Th e Glorious Han Empire (202 b.c.e.–221 c.e.) 122 Th e High Point of Greek Civilization: Confucianism and the State 122 Classical Greece 87 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Th e Challenge of Persia 87 Roman Authorities and a Christian on Th e Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age Christianity 123 of Pericles 88 Th e Economy 124 Th e Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline of the Imperial Expansion and the Origins of the Silk Road 126 Greek States 89 Social Changes 127 Th e Culture of Classical Greece 89 Religion and Culture 127 Greek Religion 93 Th e Decline and Fall of the Han 128 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Axial Age 93 Suggested Reading 130 Daily Life in Classical Athens 94 Discovery 131 vi DETAILED CONTENTS II New Patterns of Islamic Civilization 171 Political Structures 171 Civilization  Th e Wealth of Araby: Trade and Cities in the Middle East 172 6 Islamic Society 172 THE AMERICAS 134 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Trade and Civilization 173 Th e Peopling of the Americas 135 Th e Culture of Islam 174 Th e First Americans 135 Suggested Reading 181 Early Civilizations in Central America 135 Discovery 182 Th e Olmecs: In the Land of Rubber 136 8 Th e Zapotecs 136 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Teotihuacán: America’s First Metropolis 136 IN AFRICA 183 Th e Maya 138 Th e Aztecs 142 Th e Emergence of Civilization 184 Th e Land 184 Th e First Civilizations in South America 146 Kush 184 Caral 146 Axum, Son of Saba 185 Moche 147 Th e Sahara and Its Environs 187 COMPARATIVE ESSAY History and the Environment 148 East Africa 187 Th e Inka 149 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Migration of Peoples 190 Stateless Societies in the Americas 151 Th e Coming of Islam 191 Th e Eastern Woodlands 152 African Religious Beliefs Before Islam 191 Cahokia 153 Th e Arabs in North Africa 191 Th e “Ancient Ones”: Th e Anasazi 153 Th e Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island South America: Th e Arawak 153 in a Muslim Sea 192 Amazonia 154 East Africa: Th e Land of Zanj 193 Suggested Reading 155 Th e States of West Africa 193 Discovery 156 States and Stateless Societies in Central and Southern Africa 197 7 Th e Congo River Valley 197 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE Zimbabwe 198 EAST: THE RISE OF Southern Africa 199 ISLAM 157 African Society 199 Th e Rise of Islam 158 Urban Life 199 Th e Role of Muhammad 158 Village Life 199 Th e Teachings of Muhammad 160 Th e Role of Women 200 FILM & HISTORY Slavery 200 The Message (Muhammad: The Messenger African Culture 201 of God) (1976) 160 Painting and Sculpture 201 Th e Arab Empire and Its Successors 162 Music 202 Creation of an Empire 162 Architecture 203 Th e Rise of the Umayyads 162 Literature 203 Succession Problems 164 Suggested Reading 205 Th e Abbasids 164 Discovery 207 Th e Seljuk Turks 166 9 Th e Crusades 167 THE EXPANSION OF CIVILIZATION OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS IN SOUTHERN ASIA 208 The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim Perspectives 168 Th e Silk Road 209 Th e Mongols 169 Andalusia: A Muslim Outpost in Europe 169 India Aft er the Mauryas 211 Detailed Contents vii Th e Gupta Dynasty: A New Golden Age? 211 Th e Apogee of Chinese Culture 256 Th e Transformation of Buddhism 211 Literature 256 Th e Decline of Buddhism in India 213 Art 257 Th e Arrival of Islam 214 Suggested Reading 260 Th e Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni 214 Discovery 261 Th e Delhi Sultanate 216 11 Tamerlane 217 THE EAST ASIAN RIMLANDS: EARLY JAPAN, KOREA, AND Society and Culture 219 VIETNAM 262 Religion 219 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Japan: Land of the Rising Sun 263 Caste, Class, and Family 220 A Gift from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan 264 Economy and Daily Life 221 Th e Rise of the Japanese State 264 Th e Wonder of Indian Culture 222 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia 225 Feudal Orders Around the World 269 Paddy Fields and Spices: Th e States Economic and Social Structures 270 of Southeast Asia 225 In Search of the Pure Land: Religion Daily Life 228 in Early Japan 271 World of the Spirits: Religious Belief 229 FILM & HISTORY Rashomon (1950) 272 Expansion into the Pacifi c 230 Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture 273 Suggested Reading 232 Japan and the Chinese Model 276 Discovery 234 Korea: Bridge to the East 277 10 Th e Th ree Kingdoms 277 THE FLOWERING OF Th e Rise of the Koryo Dynasty 278 TRADITIONAL CHINA 235 Under the Mongols 279 China Aft er the Han 236 Vietnam: Th e Smaller Dragon 279 Th e Rise of Great Viet 279 China Reunifi ed: Th e Sui, the Tang, and the Song 237 Society and Family Life 282 Th e Sui Dynasty 237 Th e Tang Dynasty 238 Suggested Reading 284 Th e Song Dynasty 239 Discovery 285 Political Structures: Th e Triumph of Confucianism 239 12 THE MAKING OF EUROPE 286 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Action or Inaction: An Ideological Dispute in Medieval China 240 Th e Emergence of Europe in the Early Th e Economy 242 Middle Ages 287 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e New Germanic Kingdoms 287 The Spread of Technology 243 Th e Role of the Christian Church 287 Society in Traditional China 244 Charlemagne and the Carolingians 288 Th e World of Lords and Vassals 289 Explosion in Central Asia: Th e Mongol Empire 247 Mongol Rule in China 250 Europe in the High Middle Ages 291 FILM & HISTORY Land and People 292 The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) and Th e New World of Trade and Cities 293 Marco Polo (2007) 251 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS From the Yuan to the Ming 252 Two Views of Trade and Merchants 295 Th e Ming Dynasty 252 COMPARATIVE ESSAY Cities in the Medieval World 296 Th e Voyages of Zhenghe 252 Evolution of the European Kingdoms 297 An Inward Turn 253 FILM & HISTORY In Search of the Way 254 The Lion in Winter (1968) 298 Th e Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism 254 Christianity and Medieval Civilization 302 Neo-Confucianism: Th e Investigation of Th ings 255 Th e Culture of the High Middle Ages 304 viii DETAILED CONTENTS Medieval Europe and the World 306 Spanish Conquests in the “New World” 341 Th e First Crusades 306 Th e Voyages 341 Th e Later Crusades 307 Th e Conquests 341 Eff ects of the Crusades 307 Governing the Empire 342 Suggested Reading 309 Th e Impact of European Expansion 343 Discovery 310 New Rivals 343 13 COMPARATIVE ESSAY The Columbian Exchange 344 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN Africa in Transition 345 THE WEST 311 Europeans in Africa 345 Th e Slave Trade 346 From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 312 Political and Social Structures in a Changing Th e Reign of Justinian (527–565) 312 Continent 350 A New Kind of Empire 314 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 351 Th e Zenith of Byzantine Civilization (750–1025) 317 Th e Arrival of the West 351 Th e Beginning of a Revival 317 State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia 352 Th e Macedonian Dynasty 317 FILM & HISTORY Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) 352 Th e Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Society 355 (1025–1453) 319 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS New Challenges and New Responses 320 The March of Civilization 356 Impact of the Crusades 320 Suggested Reading 359 Th e Ottoman Turks and the Fall of Constantinople 321 Discovery 360 Th e Crises of the Fourteenth Century 321 Th e Black Death: From Asia to Europe 321 15 COMPARATIVE ESSAY EUROPE TRANSFORMED: The Role of Disease in History 323 REFORM AND STATE Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 324 BUILDING 361 Political Instability 324 Th e Decline of the Church 325 Th e Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 362 Background to the Reformation 362 Recovery: Th e Renaissance 326 Martin Luther and the Reformation Th e Intellectual Renaissance 326 in Germany 364 Th e Artistic Renaissance 327 Th e Spread of the Protestant Reformation 365 Th e State in the Renaissance 328 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Suggested Reading 330 A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg 366 Discovery 331 Th e Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 367 III The Emergence of New World Th e Catholic Reformation 367 Patterns (–)  COMPARATIVE ESSAY Marriage in the Early Modern World 368 14 NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 369 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth OF A WORLD MARKET 334 Century 370 Economic and Social Crises 371 An Age of Exploration and Expansion 335 Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War 373 Islam and the Spice Trade 335 Th e Spread of Islam in West Africa 336 Response to Crisis: Th e Practice of Absolutism 375 A New Player: Europe 337 France Under Louis XIV 375 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 377 Th e Portuguese Maritime Empire 338 Th e Portuguese in India 339 England and Limited Monarchy 378 Th e Search for Spices 339 Confl ict Between King and Parliament 378 Detailed Contents ix