THE ESCHATOLOGY OF 1 PETER Theauthorof1PeterregardsChristiansufferingasanecessaryfeature offaithfulallegiancetoJesus,whichprecedesthefullrestorationand vindicationofGod’speople.Muchpreviousresearchhasexploredonly thecauseandnatureofsuffering;KellyD.Liebengoodnowaddresses theneedforanexplanationforthesourcethathasgeneratedthispar- ticularunderstanding.IfJesustrulyisGod’sredemptiveagent,come torestoreHispeople,howcanChristiansufferingbeanecessarypart ofdiscipleshipafterhiscoming,deathandresurrection,andwhatled theauthorof1Petertosuchastartlingconclusion?Liebengoodana- lyzestheappropriationofshepherds,exodusandfierytrialsimagery andarguesthattheauthorof1Peterisdependentupontheeschato- logical programme of Zechariah 9–14 for his theology of Christian suffering.ThisbookwillinterestthosestudyingtheNewTestament, PetrinetheologyandearlyChristianity. kelly d. liebengood isAssociateProfessorofBiblicalStudies at LeTourneau University, where he also serves as Director of the Center for Global Service Learning. He is co-editor, with Bruce W. Longenecker,ofEngagingEconomics:NewTestamentScenariosand EarlyChristianReception(2009). SOCIETY FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES GeneralEditor:PaulTrebilco 157 THE ESCHATOLOGY OF 1 PETER SOCIETY FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES Recenttitlesintheseries 127. Matthew’sTrilogyofParables WESLEY G. OLMSTEAD 128. ThePeopleofGodintheApocalypse STEPHEN PATTEMORE 129. TheExorcismStoriesinLuke–Acts TODD KLUTZ 130. Jews,GentilesandEthnicReconciliation TET-LIM N. YEE 131. AncientRhetoricandPaul’sApology FREDERICK J. LONG 132. ReconstructingHonorinRomanPhilippi JOSEPH H. HELLERMAN 133. TheologicalHermeneuticsand1Thessalonians ANGUS PADDISON 134. Greco-RomanCultureandtheGalileeofJesus MARK A. CHANCEY 135. ChristologyandDiscipleshipintheGospelofMark SUZANNE WATTS HENDERSON 136. TheJudaeanPoorandtheFourthGospel TIMOTHY J. M. LING 137. Paul,theStoicsandtheBodyofChrist MICHELLE LEE 138. TheBridegroomMessiahandthePeopleofGod JOCELYN MCWHIRTER 139. TheTornVeil DANIEL M. GURTNER 140. DiscerningtheSpirits ANDRE´ MUNZINGER 141. TheSheepoftheFold EDWARD W. KLINK III 142. ThePsalmsofLamentinMark’sPassion STEPHEN P. AHERNE-KROLL 143. CosmologyandEschatologyinHebrews KENNETH L. SCHENCK 144. TheSpeechesofOutsidersinActs OSVALDO PADILLA 145. TheAssumedAuthorialUnityofLukeandActs PATRICIA WALTERS 146. GeographyandtheAscensionNarrativeinActs MATTHEW SLEEMAN 147. TheIturaeansandtheRomanNearEast E. A. MYERS 148. ThePoliticsofInheritanceinRomans MARK FORMAN 149. TheDoctrineofSalvationintheFirstLetterofPeter MARTIN WILLIAMS 150. JesusandtheForgivenessofSins TOBIAS HA¨GERLAND 151. TheCompositionoftheGospelofThomas SIMON GATHERCOLE 152. PaulasanAdministratorofGodin1Corinthians JOHN K. GOODRICH 153. AffirmingtheResurrectionoftheIncarnateChrist MATTHEW D. JENSEN 154. Riches,Poverty,andtheFaithful MARK D. MATHEWS 155. PaulandtheRhetoricofReversalin1Corinthians MATTHEW R. MALCOLM 156. TheGenreofActsandCollectedBiographies SEAN A. ADAMS 157. TheEschatologyof1Peter KELLY D. LIEBENGOOD The Eschatology of 1 Peter ConsideringtheInfluenceofZechariah9–14 KELLY D. LIEBENGOOD UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107039742 (cid:2)C KellyD.Liebengood2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyCPIGroupLtd,CroydonCR04YY AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Liebengood,KellyD.,1970– Theeschatologyof1Peter:consideringtheinfluenceofZechariah9–14/ KellyD.Liebengood. pages cm.–(Societyfornewtestamentstudiesmonographseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. ISBN978-1-107-03974-2(hardback) 1.Bible.Peter,1st–Criticism,interpretation,etc. 2.Eschatology–Biblicalteaching. 3.Suffering–Biblicalteaching. 4.Bible.Zechariah–RelationtoPeter,1st. 5.Bible. ZechariahIX–XIV–Criticism,interpretation,etc. I.Title. BS2795.6.E7L54 2013 227(cid:3).9206–dc23 2013027677 ISBN978-1-107-03974-2Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Acknowledgments pageix Listoftables xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sufferingin1Peter:asurveyoftheliterature 2 1.2 Thesisstatedinbrief 8 1.3 Methodologicalissues 8 2 TheeschatologicalprogrammeofZechariah 9–14anditsreception 23 2.1 TheeschatologicalprogrammeofZechariah9–14 23 2.2 ThereceptionofZechariah9–14 52 2.3 Conclusion 77 3 FirstPeter2.25andZechariah’sshepherd-king 79 3.1 Recentproposalsregardingtheshepherdimageryof 1Peter2.25 81 3.2 Acritiqueofthetwoapproaches 86 3.3 FirstPeter2.21–5:apassion‘pesher’? 89 3.4 FirstPeter2.25andtheshepherd-kingofZechariah 9–14 97 3.5 Conclusion 103 4 FirstPeter’sfierytrialsandtheeschatological programmeofZechariah9–14 105 4.1 Asurveyoftheproposedsourcesbehind1Peter’sfiery trialsimagery 107 4.2 Thefierytrialsof1Peterincontext 130 4.3 ThefierytrialsofZechariah13.9incontext 153 4.4 Conclusion 155 vii viii Contents 5 EchoesofZechariah9–14in1Peter 156 5.1 διασποράaspointofdeparture 156 5.2 Isaiah11.2,οἶκοςτοῦθεοῦandthetext-plotof Zechariah9–14 164 5.3 Therestorationofunder-shepherdsandZechariah9–14 170 5.4 Conclusion 173 6 Zechariah9–14asthesubstructureof1Peter’s eschatologicalprogramme 175 6.1 Thestructureandargumentativestrategyof1Peter 176 6.2 Identifyingthesubstructureof1Peter’seschatological programme 199 7 Conclusion 215 7.1 Beyondthescopeofthisstudy:furtherdirections 220 Workscited 222 Indexofnames 245 Indexofscriptureandotherreferences 248