The Enigma Of Tiwanaku And Puma Punku: Unlocking The Mysteries Of Megalithic Wonders Copyright Brien Foerster 2013 All photos and drawings, as well as text aside from those of the author, were obtained through free, copyright free internet sources. Any exceptions were not intentional. Seemingly  machined  “H  blocks”  found  in  relative abundance at Puma Punku Dedication How such an out of the way cluster of ancient and heavily damaged stone structures can attract so much attention intrigues me. Tiwanaku and Puma Punku sit, almost brooding on the high altiplano of Bolivia, just half an hour from the Peruvian border and a 5 minute drive from a major highway. Yet their mere presence confounds the brightest of intellects, and is the bane of many archaeologists who try to explain the amazing and precise flat and compound stone surfaces as being the works of people wearing loincloths and having only bronze chisels and stone hammers as tools. My thanks to the great minds that shaped the blocks with such intricate detail presumably thousands of years ago, and to those who have accompanied me in the present in exploring them. The list of the latter includes the brilliant engineer Christopher Dunn, authors David Hatcher Childress and Hugh Newman, as well as geologist Dr. Robert Schoch. And to my dear Irene; who is as intrigued as I  am… Chapters 1/ Introduction 2/ Tiwanaku Architecture And Art 3/ Religious/Spiritual Beliefs 4/ Archaeology Of The Area 5/ Akapana Pyramid 6/ Subterranean Temple 7/ Temple Of Kalasasaya 8/ Puma Punku 9/ Arthur Posnansky: Rebel With A Cause 10/ How Tiwanaku And Puma Punku Originally Looked 11/ The Early Inhabitants 12/ Musings Of An Early Visitor 13/ Bibliography 1/ Introduction An enigma is a thing, place or situation that makes the mind ponder, often for extended periods of time, about its origin, purpose, who or what was involved in it, and sometimes all three and more. Such are the subjects of this book. When one has at least a small amount of knowledge pertaining to the megalithic wonders of the ancient world, South America in particular and Peru and Bolivia specifically, Tiwanaku is usually on the list of the top mysterious places, but living deep  in  the  shadows  behind  the  famous  “lost  city  of  the  Inca”  Machu  Picchu. Location of Tiwanaku and Puma Punku Located near the south shore of Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable body of water on the planet, and chilled by the high altiplano winds, Tiwanaku sits as a barren outpost of some seemingly lost culture, abandoned by its original builders, and then adopted by others. Detail of the location of Tiwanaku, also written Tiahuanaco According  to  most  people’s  modern  day  guide  to  knowledge,  via  the  internet;   Wikipedia; Tiwanaku (Spanish: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre- Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia, South America. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the Inca Empire, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, Tiwanaku Municipality, about 72 km (44 miles) west of La Paz. The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador and self-acclaimed "first chronicler of the Indies" Pedro Cieza de León. Leon stumbled upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital Qullasuyu. Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku's modern name is related to the Aymara term taypiqala, meaning "stone in the center", alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world. However, the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost, as the people of Tiwanaku had no written language. Satellite map of Tiwanaku and Puma Punku’s location “Stone  in  the  Center”  most  likely  refers  to  the  place  being  the capital/center of a given cultural area, rather than the center of the world as a whole. This would be very similar to the Inca, the supposed offshoot of the Tiwanaku culture, who called  their  capital,  Cuzco  (or  Cusco  or  even  Qosqo)  as  the  “Navel  of  the  World.”   The  Inca  were  of  course  referring  to  the  center  of  “their  world.” And of Puma Punku: again, according to Wikipedia, Pumapunku, also called “Puma  Pumku”  or  “Puma  Puncu”,  is  part  of  a  large  temple  complex  or  monument group that is part of the Tiwanaku Site near Tiwanaku, Bolivia. In Aymara, its name  means,  “The  Door  of  the  Cougar”.  The  Pumapunku  complex  consists  of  an   unwalled western court, a central unwalled esplanade, a terraced platform mound that is faced with megalithic stone, and a walled eastern court. The Pumapunku is a terraced earthen mound that is faced with megalithic blocks. It is 167.36 m wide along its north-south axis and 116.7 m long along its east-west axis. On the northeast and southeast corners of the Pumapunku it has 20-meter wide projections that extend 27.6 meters north and south from the rectangular mound. The eastern edge of the Pumapunku is occupied by what is called the “Plataforma  Lítica.”  The  Plataforma  Lítica  consists  of  a  stone  terrace  that  is  6.75   by 38.72 meters in dimension. This terrace is paved with multiple enormous stone blocks. The Plataforma Lítica contains the largest stone slab found in both the Pumapunku and Tiwanaku Site. This stone slab is 7.81 meters long, 5.17 meters wide and averages 1.07 meters thick. Based upon the specific gravity of the red sandstone from which it was carved, this stone slab has been estimated to weigh 131 metric tons. The three major questions about both Tiwanaku and Puma Punku are, clearly; when were they built, who built them, and how was the stone shaped? The latter is the most perplexing of all, because the precision of some of the stones, especially those of grey diorite, which is a hard igneous rock, as hard or more so than granite, supposedly coming from a source near Copacabana which is approximately 90 km away. What clearly seems to be an engineered andesite or diorite stone at Puma Punku The main reason why both Tiwanaku and Puma Punku are enigmas is that, for one thing, the people who live there now, the Aymara, have only been in the area for probably 1000 or so years, driving out the Inca, who were earlier inhabitants. Or, it is probably more correct to say the proto-Inca, because it is believed that the first true Inca, Manco Capac and his sister/wife Mama Occllo, were forced to leave the area as the result of a 40 year drought. This  fact,  coupled  with  the  somewhat  worn  out  statement  that  “they  had  no   written  form  of  language”  contributes  to  the  fact  that  so  little  is  known  of  either   of these sites, and I do say either, because even a cursory inspection shows that they were not contemporary settlements. The one factor is the difference in stone used, and the level of craftsmanship, but the latter we will get to later. Some people are under the false assumption that Tiwanaku was built by the Inca; far from  it.  An  excerpt  from  Graham  Hancock’s  watershed  masterpiece,   “Fingerprints  of  the  Gods”  clues  us  in  on  this.  Of  the  few  early  chronicles  written   by Native people soon after the conquest by the Spanish, beginning in 1532, the works of Garcilaso de la Vega stand out. His mother was a full blood royal Inca, and  his  father  Spanish.  In  his  great  book  “Royal  Commentaries  of  the  Inca,”  still   available, in English and in paperback, he recounts what Tiwanaku (and presumably Puma Punku) looked like when viewed by someone 400 years ago: We must now say something about the large and almost incredible buildings of Tiahuanaco. There is an artificial hill, of great height, built on stone foundations so that the earth will not slide. There are gigantic figures carved in stone ... these are much worn which shows their great antiquity. There are walls, the stones of which are so enormous it is difficult to imagine what human force could have put them in place. And there are the remains of strange buildings, the most remarkable being stone portals, hewn out of solid rock; these stand on bases anything up to 30 feet long, 15 feet wide and 6 feet thick, base and portal being all of one piece ... How, and with the use of what tools or implements, massive works of such size could be achieved are questions which we are unable to answer ... Nor can it be imagined how such enormous stones could have been brought here .. And Pedro Cieza de Leon, another early chronicler, of Spanish blood, who was an early visitor to Tiwanaku: ‘I asked the natives whether these edifices were built in the time of  the  Inca,’  wrote  the  chronicler  Pedro  Cieza  de  Leon,  ‘They  laughed  at the question, affirming that they were made long before the Inca reign and ... that they had heard from their forebears that everything to be seen  there  appeared  suddenly  in  the  course  of  a  single  night  ...’ Presumably no looting of the stones of the sights had occurred to any great degree at this time, so both of these early writers were able to see Tiwanaku and Puma Punku more  or  less  in  their  undisturbed  “time  capsule”  state. The stone used at Tiwanaku, at least the original structures, which were the large pillar-like obelisks, is andesite, while Puma Punku is a grey andesite and red sandstone. The two sites are right next to each, and so many people regard them as being contemporary. However, the major difference in quality of workmanship most likely negates this idea. And why would mine be a preposterous notion? Many cities in Europe for example, Athens and Rome being classic examples, have the remains of buildings which date back at least 2000 years living in close proximity with ones made last year. Of course, in these cases the differences in building materials is obvious. The Pantheon in Rome, Italy The Pantheon, or at least the latest version of it, was completed supposedly about 126 AD; an earlier version of it had supposedly burned. But what makes this photo interesting is that here it sits with renaissance buildings right next to it; and shows that just because buildings are in close proximity to each other, does not mean they are of a contemporary age.