Project Gutenberg's The Engineer's Sketch-Book, by Thomas Walker Barber This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Engineer's Sketch-Book Of Mechanical Movements, Devices, Appliances, Contrivances And Details Employed In The Design And Construction Of Machinery For Every Purpose Classified & Arranged For Reference For The Use Of Engineers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Managers, Mechanics, Inventors, Patent Agents, And All Engaged In The Mechanical Arts Author: Thomas Walker Barber Release Date: December 1, 2018 [EBook #58391] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGINEER'S SKETCH-BOOK *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Please see the Transcriber’s Notes at the end of this text. The cover image has been created for this text, and is in the public domain. The description’s item number links to the plate where an illustration of the item may be found. Under the plate is a link to a larger version of the plate (not available in all formats). Cover THE ENGINEER’S SKETCH-BOOK. THE ENGINEER’S SKETCH-BOOK OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, DEVICES, APPLIANCES, CONTRIVANCES AND DETAILS EMPLOYED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY FOR EVERY PURPOSE CLASSIFIED & ARRANGED FOR REFERENCE FOR THE USE OF ENGINEERS, MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMEN, MANAGERS, MECHANICS, INVENTORS, PATENT AGENTS, AND ALL ENGAGED IN THE MECHANICAL ARTS BY THOMAS WALTER BARBER M. INST. C. E. FOURTH EDITION 2603 Illustrations, Descriptive Notes and Memoranda Logo London: E. & F. N. SPON, Limited, 125 STRAND New York: SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12 CORTLANDT STREET 1902 P R E FA C E . Every successful engineer is a born inventor; indeed the daily work of an engineer in practice largely consists in scheming and devising from previous experience new and improved processes, methods, and details for accomplishing them, and for simplifying or cheapening old forms of machinery and the work they produce, to enable him to successfully compete with others, who are perhaps as ingenious and enterprising as himself. In the work of designing machinery the draughtsman has to rely mainly on his memory for inspiration; and, for lack of an idea, has frequently to wade through numerous volumes to find a detail or movement to effect a particular purpose. Hence, as a rule, every man’s work runs in a groove, his productions generally having the stamp of his particular experience and training clearly marked upon them. In the course of twenty-five years of such experience, I have found the want of such a volume as the present, and endeavoured to supply the deficiency in my own practice by private notes and sketches, gathered promiscuously, until the difficulty of selection and arrangement became so apparent that I began to classify them, as they exist in the following pages. A few weeks of unusual leisure have enabled me to complete this work and amplify it by numerous additions, and it is now presented in the hope that it will be found of equal service to others engaged in the head- splitting, exhausting work of scheming and devising machinery, than which I can conceive of no head-work more wearing and anxious, Several valuable works have already found numerous users, and there is no lack of admirable collections of memoranda, rules, and data for designing and proportioning the various constructive details of machinery; but, as far as I am aware, there is no work in existence which aims at the same purpose as is attempted in the following pages, viz. to provide side by side suggestive sketches of the various methods in use for accomplishing any particular mechanical movement or work, in a form easily referred to, and devoid of needless detail and elaboration. A sketch, properly executed, is—to a practical man—worth a folio of description; and it is to such that these pages are addressed. For the same reason it has been deemed undesirable to add to the various sketches any rules or tables relating to strengths or dimensions, which may be found in numerous well-known volumes. Any suggestions or additions will be entertained and gratefully acknowledged. THOMAS WALTER BARBER. CONTENTS. PAGES SECTION Accumulators 147 67 Adjusting devices 10, 246 2 Anchoring 10, 246 1 Anti-friction bearings 152, 306 70 Apparatus for drawing curves 224, 330 98 Automatic cut off. See Valve gear 172, 312 79 Balance weights 54, 258 20 Ball and socket joints 12, 248 4 Beam-engines, types of 80, 270 32 Bearings 102, 282 46 Bearings, relieving pressure on 152, 306 70 Bed-plates, foundations, and framing of machines 22, 250 8 Belt gearing 12, 248 3 Belt pulleys 12, 248 3 Blowing and exhausting 20, 250 7 Boilers, types of 16, 250 6 Bolts, &c. 168, 310 78 Boring, drilling, &c. 72, 270 30 Brakes and retarding appliances 14, 248 5 Cams, tappets, and wipers 24, 250 9 Carriages, cars, &c. 32, 252 12 Centres 164, 308 77 Centrifugal force, applications of 38 14 Chains, links, and couplings 30, 252 11 Chopping, slicing, and mincing 68, 264 27 Chucks, grips, and holders 68, 264 28 Circular and reciprocating motion 56, 258 21 Clutches 40, 254 15 Compensating and balance weights 54, 258 20 Concentrated power 62, 260 22 [vi] [vii] [viii] Concentrating and separating 66, 264 26 Condensing and cooling 66, 264 25 Connecting rods and links 42, 254 17 Contracting and expanding 84, 272 36 Conveying messages, &c. 52 19 Conveying motion to movable parts 62, 260 23 Conveyors 128, 298 57 Cotters, &c. 86, 274 37 Couplings 42, 254 16 Couplings for shafting 42, 254 16 Covers, doors, &c. 242, 332 106 Cranes, types of 46, 256 18 Cranks and eccentrics 28, 252 10 Crushing, rolling, and disintegrating 36, 254 13 Curves, apparatus for drawing 224, 330 98 Cushioning 72, 268 29 Cutting tools 64, 260 24 Differential gear 74, 270 31 Disintegrating 36, 254 13 Doors, covers, manholes 242, 332 106 Drawing and rolling metals, &c. 234, 332 101 Drawing curves, &c., apparatus for 224, 330 98 Drilling, boring, &c. 72, 270 30 Eccentrics 28, 252 10 Elastic wheels 84 35 Elliptical motion 82, 272 34 Engines and boilers combined, types of 82 33 Engines, types of 76, 270 32 Exhausting and blowing 20, 250 7 Expanding and contracting devices 84, 272 36 Fastening wheels to shafts 86, 274 37 Feed gear 334 107 Filtering 334 108 Foundations and framing 22, 250 8 Friction gear 88, 276 38 Gear, differential 74, 270 31 Gear, friction 88, 276 38 Gear, reversing 158, 308 74 Gear, rope 146, 302 66 Gear, valve 172, 312 79 Gearing, belt 12, 248 3 Gearing, toothed 186, 318 84 Gearing, various devices in 92, 278 40 Governing and regulating speed, power, &c. 96, 280 41 Grips and holders 68, 264 28 Guides, slides, &c. 90, 276 39 Handles, &c. 220, 328 97 Heating appliances 234 100 Hinges and joints 116, 292 50 Holders and grips 68, 264 28 Hooks, swivels, &c. 98, 280 43 Hydraulic multiplying gear 96 42 Impact. See Striking and hammering 238 104 [ix] Incorporating 122, 294 54 Indicating pressure, &c. 214, 326 92 Indicating speed, &c. 100, 282 44 Intermittent motion 140, 300 62 Iron and steel 224, 330 99 Jets, nozzles, &c. 102, 282 45 Joints and hinges 116, 292 50 Journals, bearings, pivots, &c. 102, 282 46 Keys, cotters, pins, &c. 86, 274 37 Levelling and plumbing 122 52 Levers 108, 286 48 Links 30, 252 11 Locking devices 110, 288 49 Lowering 148, 304 69 Lubricators 120, 294 51 Marine engines, types of 236 103 Materials of construction 224, 330 99 Measuring and weighing 214, 326 92 Mechanical powers 122 53 Messages, conveying 52 19 Mincing 68, 264 27 Mixing and incorporating 122, 294 54 Motive power 136, 300 60 Movable parts, conveying motion to 62, 260 23 Multiplying gear—hydraulic 96 42 Nozzles and jets 102, 282 45 Packings, joints, stuffing-boxes, &c. 132, 298 58 Parallel motions 124, 296 55 Pawl and ratchet motions, intermittent motion 140, 300 62 Pins, &c. 164, 308 77 Pipes and conveyors 128, 298 57 Pivots 102, 282 46 Plate work 106, 286 47 Plumbing and levelling 122 52 Power and speed, to vary 146 64 Power, motive 136, 300 60 Power, reservoirs of 147 67 Power, transmission of 192, 320 85 Pressing 144, 302 63 Propulsion 134, 300 59 Pumping and raising water 124, 296 56 Pumping engines, types of 138 61 Quick return motions 146 65 Rails and tramroads 156, 308 73 Raising and lowering weights 148, 304 69 Raising water—pumping 124, 296 56 Ratchet and pawl motions 140, 300 62 Reciprocating and circular motion 148 68 Regulating and governing 96, 280 41 Relieving pressure on bearings 152, 306 70 [x] Reservoirs of power, accumulators 147 67 Retarding appliances 14, 248 5 Reversing gear 158, 308 74 Riddling and screening 154 72 Rope, belt, and chain pulleys 152, 306 71 Rope gearing 146, 302 66 Rolling and drawing 234, 332 101 Rotary engines 160, 308 75 Safety appliances 182, 318 81 Screening 154 72 Screw gear, bolts, &c. 168, 310 78 Sections of iron and steel. See Materials 224, 330 99 Segments, wheels in 212, 326 91 Separating 66, 264 26 Shaft couplings 42, 254 16 Shafting 164, 308 76 Signals, &c. 52 19 Slicing and mincing 68, 264 27 Slide and other valve gear 172, 312 79 Slides, guides, &c. 90, 276 39 Socket joints 12, 248 4 Sound 240 105 Sources of power 136, 300 60 Speed and power 122 53 Speed, indicating 100, 282 44 Spindles and centres 164, 308 77 Springs 178, 316 80 Starting valves 184 83 Steam traps 184, 318 82 Striking and hammering—impact 238 104 Struts and ties 234 102 Stuffing boxes 132, 298 58 Swivels 98, 280 43 Tanks and cisterns 192, 320 86 Tappets 24, 250 9 Throwing in and out of gear 192, 320 87 Ties and struts 234 102 Timber. See Materials 224, 330 99 Tools, cutting 64, 260 24 Toothed gearing 186, 318 84 Tramroads 156, 308 73 Transmission of power 192, 320 85 Traps, steam 184, 318 82 Turbines 208, 326 90 Valve gear 172, 312 79 Valves and cocks 198, 324 89 Valves, starting 184 83 Variable motion and power 194, 320 88 Washing 216, 328 94 Water-pressure engines 216 93 Water-wheels and turbines 208, 326 90 Weighing and measuring, indicating pressure 214, 326 92 Wheels, elastic 84 35 Wheels, fastening to shafts 86, 274 37 [xi] [xii] Wheels in segments 212, 326 91 Windmills and feathering wheels 218, 328 95 Winding apparatus 220, 328 96 Wipers 24, 250 9 PART I. SECTIONS 1-106. (For Additions see pages 245-335.) Section 1.—ANCHORING. 1. Rope pulley anchor—a car which grips by sinking its wheels in the soil; employed for ploughing tackle. 2. Anchor plate—buried in the ground below a mass of masonry—for attaching guys, tie rods, &c. Sometimes a frame, or plate, laid on the ground and ballasted, is the method used. 3. Screw mooring, screwed into the ground. 4. Heavy stone sunk in the ground and having a ring attached; or a mass of concrete, similarly placed, used for guy ropes, tie rods, and foundation bolt attachments. 5. Grapnel. 6. Mushroom anchor. 7. Double fluke anchor. 8. Martin’s patent anchor, with swivelling flukes. Several other patent anchors are modifications of this. Stakes, with or without flanges, vertical or horizontal, are sometimes employed, the flanges taking the cross strain of the ties, &c. Fencing posts, gate posts, tree stakes, and tennis poles are of this class. Section 2.—ADJUSTING DEVICES. For adjustment by Screws, see Section 78, and by Wedges, see Section 36, These are the commonest appliances employed. For Cams also, see Section 9. For adjusting Pedestal Brasses, see Section 46. For adjustments by keys, cotters, &c., see Section 37. See also Nos. 251, 269, and 297. 9. Split cone sleeves and set screw adjustment for a revolving standard, or similar detail, where there is much wear or great accuracy is required in the revolving bearing. 10. Centre-line adjustment for lathe headstocks, &c. 11. Variable curve adjustment; used in compass planes, instruments for drawing arcs of circles, &c. 12. Vertical shaft footstep adjustment; employed on millstones, horizontal grinding mills, &c., to regulate the space between the grinding surfaces. See No. 261. [9] [10] [11] Plate 1 Larger plate. 13. Side screw adjustment for injectors, jet pumps, &c. 14. Levelling adjustment; can be used with either 3 or 4 screws: for telescope and level stands, theodolites, &c. 15. Horizontal central adjustment for footsteps, &c. 16. Slotted link and lock nut for adjusting angle of a lever. 17. Disc and ring with partial angular adjustment by a screw and nut; used for screwing dies, self-centering chucks, &c. The nut and bearing of the screw have allowance for swivelling. 18. Pin and hole adjustment for a lever or similar detail. 19. Wedge bearing for locomotive horn plate guides, slide bars, and similar parts subject to wear. 20. Right and left-hand screw and wedge adjustment for roller bearings, &c. 21. Adjustment for wear used on engine crossheads to take up the wear of the working faces. Adjustable Crane Balance Weights, Section 18. Adjustable V-guides, Nos. 700 and 704. Section 3.—BELT GEARING. Materials employed are:—Leather, cotton, guttapercha, indiarubber, canvas, camel-hair, catgut, flat wire or hemp rope, steel bands, flat chains, &c. 22. Ordinary belt pulley, “crowned” on face to retain the belt on the centre of the pulley. 23. Double-flanged pulley, flat on face, sometimes “crowned,” as No. 22. 24. Single-flanged pulley for horizontal driving. [12] 25. Open belt gear; runs best as shown, with the slack half of the belt at top. 26. Crossed belt to reverse motion on the driven shaft. Also to obtain more grip for the belt than with open belts. 27. Mode of driving when the shafts are at right angles to one another. 28. Mode of driving with shafts at an obtuse angle, sometimes used instead of bevel wheels. 29. Arrangement adopted when the pulleys cannot be got in line with one another, or the shafts are too close together to drive well direct. Short belts seldom work well. Belts are frequently arranged to pass under and over several pulleys so as to drive several shafts by one belt. For reversing by belt gear, see Section 74. Gut bands (round) are worked over V-grooved pulleys; see Rope Gearing, Section 66. Belts may be kept tight by tightening pulleys, see No. 1207. For round belts, see Rope Gearing, Section 66. V-belts are occasionally used, formed of thicknesses of leather riveted together, cut to a V-section, and worked over V-grooved pulleys. Section 4.—BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS. 30. Universal hinge. The arm can be fixed in any required position by tightening the gland. Useful for stands for articles to be exhibited in any position, telescopes, &c. 31. Pipe joint, with similar capabilities. Plate 2 Larger plate. 32. Same as No. 16, but with screwed gland. If used without the arm, it forms the ordinary ball castor. 33 & 34. Dr. Hooke’s universal joint. See application, No. 292. See also Nos. 1359 and 732. Gas pendants are suspended with a joint similar to No. 31, but the ball, having only a restricted angular motion, is cut down to a segment only. [13] [14] Section 5.—BRAKES AND RETARDING APPLIANCES. To retard or arrest motion (revolving or rectilinear). 35. Strap and lever brake. The strap is usually faced with wood or leather, but sometimes is used without either. Wood is liable to become noisy. Leather gives the best grip. Iron upon iron, or wood upon iron is not safe if liable to become oily or wet. 36. Block and lever brake. Wood or cast-iron blocks are used. 37. Compound block and lever brake; avoids putting cross strain on the shaft—used on winding engines, &c. 38. Internal toggle brake, employed for friction clutches. See Section 15. The inner ring is turned to fit loosely inside the outer ring and split, the toggles being arranged as shown to expand the ring till it is locked to the outer ring. 39 & 40. Double block and lever brake on wheel rim grips the wheel rim between the lever stocks or jaws. The strains are self-contained. 41. Disc brake; considerable end pressure is required with this form, and must be arranged for in the bearings of the shaft. 42. Compound disc brake. Several discs may be employed, sliding on feathers on the shaft. 43. Fan brake; may be run openly in air, or enclosed in a drum with water, oil, or other liquid. (See Allen’s patent Governor, &c.) 44. Spring brake, acting on a small grooved pulley; for light purposes. 45. Rope brake or grip, with toggle motion, and screw for relieving. 46. Rope brake: grips by the angular distance between the jaw centres becoming less as the lever end falls. 47. Rope brake; with cam lever gripping motion. 48. Eccentric action lever and block brake. The eccentric is fixed to the brake lever. This plan also avoids cross strain on the shaft. 49. Strap and screw brake. [15] Plate 3 Larger plate. 50, 51, & 52. Three forms of car brakes. See also the common “skid” or cart brake. 53. Combined strap and lever brake. (Fielden’s.) 54. Shaft grip, or brake. 55. Centrifugal brake, or clutch. The weight segments are driven into contact with the ring by centrifugal force. Springs may be used to return them out of action. 56. Three-segment compound brake: grips the wheel all round. 57. Compound bar brake, with right and left hand screw grip levers, used for heavy gun compressors. 58. Compound ring brake, on similar principle to No. 57. See remarks to No. 41. 59. Wedge and split ring, used for internal brake ring or clutch, in a similar way to No. 38. 60. Hollow drums, with radial pockets, half filled with loose material, or water, mercury, &c., which retard the motion of the drum by the weight and friction of the loose material. An hydraulic cylinder and piston is frequently used as a brake or retarding device for reciprocating motion, the water passing from one side of the piston to the other, through an adjustable valve. Friction brakes are employed as dynamometers to indicate the power given off or absorbed by any piece of machinery. Automatic brakes (see Sections 15 and 69) are used for hoisting machinery, &c. Brushes, formed of stiff bristles or wire, are used as a retarding device for circular or rectilinear motion. Section 6.—TYPES OF BOILERS. Vessels or containers of every conceivable shape have been used as boilers. Many of the older types are now obsolete, but the following are these most commonly used:— VERTICAL BOILERS. [16] 61. Ordinary centre flue boiler. Sometimes the centre flue is surrounded with tubes, as No. 65. 62. Vertical multitubular. 63. Vertical boiler, with diagonal tubes and smoke boxes. 64. Vertical return-flue. 65. “Pot” boiler. 66. “Field” boiler; with suspended tubes and internal circulating tubes. 67. Vertical egg-end boiler; with spiral flue. Large vertical boilers sometimes have cross flues, or large tubes. HORIZONTAL BOILERS. 68. Portable “loco-type” multitubular. 69. Fixed return-tube. Plate 4 Larger plate. 70. Fixed “loco-type” multitubular; a favorite and useful form, giving good results, and easily cleaned. 71. Fixed “loco-type,” with underneath fire-box; sometimes used to economise space, is self-contained, and usually stands on cast-iron feet. 72. Multitubular-horizontal; self contained; on cast-iron feet. 73. Egg-end boiler; not much used except where the coal burnt per h.p. per hour is not an important consideration. 74. “Cornish”; one flue, with enlarged fire-box tube. This type is often made with a parallel flue with cross tubes fixed at intervals throughout its length. [17] [18] 75. “Lancashire”; two flues; sometimes has enlarged fire-box tubes, as No. 74. 76. Oval flue boiler, with “Galloway” tubes. The Lancashire type is frequently combined with this form by arranging the two circular flues to open into one oval one. 77 & 78. “Elephant” boilers; employed in connection with coke ovens and other sources of waste heat. MARINE BOILERS. 79. Ordinary box form, with internal fire-box and return flue. 80. Same type, but with two fire-boxes and multitubular return tubes. 81. Underneath fire-boxes and multitubular return tubes above the fire-boxes, sometimes duplicated, as No. 82. Plate 5 Larger plate. 83. Has two central fire-boxes and side return-tubes. The foregoing box patterns are rapidly going out of use, as unsuitable for the higher pressures prevailing with compound engines. 84. Cylindrical boiler, with three fire tubes and three sets of return tubes. This form is much used, the surfaces requiring stays being very limited. It is made with double fire-boxes as shown, or with single fire-box, as No. 81. 85. Cylindrical single flue and return-tube. 86. Cylindrical single flue and multitubular. 87. Cylindrical double flue and multitubular, longitudinal section similar to No. 86. 88. Cylindrical saddle boiler, multitubular, used for shallow vessels, launches; &c. [19] [20] HOUSEHOLD BOILERS. 89. Kitchen “ell” boiler. 90. Kitchen or back boiler, for ordinary grates. 91. “Saddle” boiler. The varieties of this type are legion. Every conceivable cross-bridge, water-way, tube, and flue has been added to it by various makers. See Messrs. Graham and Fleming, and other makers’ Lists. 92. Annular cylindrical greenhouse boiler. 93. Annular conoidal greenhouse boiler. 94. Vertical cylindrical, closed top greenhouse boiler. The last four are types of the greenhouse boilers most in use. They are usually of wrought iron, and all seams welded. 95. Back boiler for ordinary register grate. 96. “Boot” boiler. 97. Scullery, or wash-house boiler. 98. Scullery, or wash-house boiler, heated by steam. In public laundries these are usually rectangular in plan. 99. Coil boiler, used for small greenhouses, &c. 100. Sectional, or “Tubulous” boiler. Root’s, and others, are on this principle. They are constructed of simple pipes and T or L pieces, usually bolted together. Section 7.—BLOWING AND EXHAUSTING. Some of the mechanical blowers are too well known to need illustration here; such are the ordinary Beam Blowing Engine, as in use for blast furnaces, Vertical Blowing Engine, and Horizontal Blowing Engine. In all these a cylinder and piston form the blowing device. Nearly every form of rotary engine (see Section 75) may, by reversal, be converted into a blowing machine. See Root’s patent, No. 1307; Baker’s, 1325, and others in common use. Fans, centrifugal, (see No. 1337) are still the commonest blowing machines, and are especially suited for light pressures and large volumes of air; but for pressures of from 1⁄2 lb. per square inch and upwards, the rotary or cylinder types are best. The following are devices not so well known, but sometimes useful:— 101. The “Trompe,” or water-jet blower. Water under pressure is discharged through a rose into a funnel- shaped inlet, carrying with it a quantity of air (see Section 45); the water runs off at an overflow, and the air is led away by a pipe. 102. Steam-jet blower. (See Section 45.) [21]