The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History K E. H III ENNETH ENDRICKSON GENERAL EDITOR J C USTIN ORFIELD S L. D TEVEN ANVER ASSOCIATE EDITORS G M. S LENN ANFORD TECHNICAL EDITOR ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26–34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2015 by Kenneth E. Hendrickson III All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data The encyclopedia of the industrial revolution in world history / edited by Kenneth E. Hendrickson III. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8108-8887-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Industrial revolution—Encyclopedias. I. Hendrickson, Kenneth E., editor of compilation. HD2324.E546 2015 330.9'034—dc23 2014005570 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Introduction ENTRIES Abbott, Wallace Calvin Acheson, Edward Goodrich Aerosol Spray Cans Aerospace Industry AFL-CIO Agent Orange Airplane Akroydon Alcorn, George Edward Alger, Horatio Jr. All-China General Labour Federation Alternative Energies Altshuller, Genrikh Saulovich Amalgamated Society of Engineers American Federation of Labor American Plan American Stock Exchange American System (American School of Economics) American Tobacco American War of Independence An Wang Anarchism Angerstein, Reinhold Rücker Anglo-French Treaty of 1786 Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1785 Anheuser, Eberhard Anthropometry Apprentice System Aqueducts Arc Welding Argentina Arkwright, Richard Armstrong, Edwin Howard Armstrong, William George Arts and Crafts Movement Asbestos Ashley, Laura Ashworth, Henry Asiatic Petroleum Company Aspdin, Joseph Assembly Line Astbury, John Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) Automobile Babbage, Charles Babcock, George H. Bacon, Anthony Baekeland, Leo Bagehot, Walter Baines, Edward Bakewell, Robert Bamford, Samuel Bank of China Bank of England Bank of Japan Bank of the United States Bar Code Barbed Wire Barlow, William Henry Barton, Enos Melancthon Barton Swing Aqueduct BASIC Ba a, Tomáš Bateman, John Frederic La Trobe Batlle y Ordóñez, José Bauer, Andreas Friedrich Bausch, John Jacob Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William Bednorz, Johannes Georg Belgium Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Henry Bell, Larry Bell, Patrick Bell Rock Lighthouse Bellamy, Edward Belper Benz, Karl Besant, Annie Wood Bessemer, Henry Bessemer Process Beveridge, Sir William Beyer, Carl Friedrich Bhopal Catastrophe Białystok Bickford, William Bimetallism Birdseye, Clarence Birmingham, England Bissell, Melville Reuben Black Country Blacklist Blair, Henry Blanqui, Louis-Auguste Bleichröder, Gerson Blenkinsop, John Bloody Sunday (Trafalgar Square) Boat People Boeing Boer War, 1899–1902 Bolsheviks Bondfield, Margaret Grace Booth, Charles Boring Machine Boulton, Matthew Bourgeoisie Boycott Boykin, Otis Bramah, Joseph Brassey, Thomas Brazil Brearley, Harry Brewing and Distilling Briggs, Asa, Lord Bright, Harvey “Bum” Brindley, James British-American Tobacco Brown, George R. Browning, John Moses Brunel, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Marc Isambard Busch, Adolphus Bush, Vannevar Butterley Company Cadbury, John Caledonian Canal Canada Canals Capitalism Carborundum Carlyle, Thomas Carnegie, Andrew Carnot, Sadi Carrier, Willis Haviland Carson, Rachel Cartwright, Edmund Carver, George Washington Cassette Tape Caudillo Caxton, William Cell Phones Cellophane Central Pacific Railroad Centralverband Deutscher Industrieller Chadwick, Sir Edwin Chance, Robert Lucas Chartists Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Child Labor China China Cotton Mill Owners’ Association China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company Chinese Communist Party Cholera Chrysler Citroën, André Claude, Georges Clegg, Samuel Closed Shop Coal Coal Mines Cobbett, William Coca-Cola Cockerill, John Collective Bargaining Colt, Samuel Combination Acts Communications Compagnie du Cambodge Containerization Continental System Conveyor Belt Cooke, William Cooper, Peter Coors, Joseph