THE ELEMENTS OF SHIPPING The Elements Of Shipping ALAN E. BRANCH M.C.I.T., A.M.I.Ex., A.I.T.A. Lecturer, Transport Studies SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. First published 1964 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 2nd edition 1970 3rd edition 1975 © 1964, 1970, 1975 Alan E. Branch Originally published by Chapman and Hall Ltd in 1975 ISBN 978-0-412-10040-6 ISBN 978-1-4899-6916-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-6916-3 This limp bound edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser All rights reserved. No part oft his book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74--15499 TO MY WIFE Preface To First Edition fhis book has been written with the aim of introducing shipping to those who have little or no knowledge of the subject. It is written in simple language and outlines the main economic, commercial, operating and political aspects of this very wide subject. The reader should master this book before tackling more advanced textbooks. It is intended not only for the student preparing for shipping examinations, but also for the shipping employee who wishes to further his general knowledge of the subject. The book is particularly commended to students studying the shipping examinations sponsored by the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, Institute of Freight Forwarders Ltd, Institute of Export, Institute of Materials Handling, Institute of Traffic Administration, Port Working Education scheme, the University of London Diploma in Transport Studies, Institute of Transport, Industrial Transport Association, Society of Shipping Executives Ltd, Royal Society of Arts, City of London College shipping certificate sponsored by Chamber of Shipping, City of Liverpool College of Commerce shipping certificate, and London Chamber of Commerce. In writing this book I am greatly indebted to the various shipping institutes and organizations. To all who have helped me so generously I am deeply grateful. My greatest debt is to a fellow tutor of the Transport Tutorial Association Ltd, Mr J. R. Basham, A. M. Inst. T., ASF. He gave me much useful advice and was a constant source of inspiration and enthusiasm. At my request, Mr Basham was responsible for Chapter 7 on maritime canals, Mr M. N. Doig, M.A.(Oxon.) and Mr G. C. Killby have also read the draft and the book has benefited greatly from their comments. I am also indebted to Mr D. A. Rollinson who was responsible for the diagrams, and to my wife for help in reading the proofs. East London College of Commerce A. E. B. May 1964 vii Preface To Second Edition Since the first edition was published it has become an established work on the subject, adopted by numerous Institutes, Technical Colleges and Universities throughout the world, involving over forty countries. Moreover, it is used very extensively in shipping offices on an international scale as an aide memoire. It is perhaps fitting, at a time of great change and opportunity in the industry when the U.K. maritime fleet is leading the world, that the second edition should emerge from a country which has always been regarded as the seat of learning on the subject. Opportunity has been taken in the second edition to enlarge the book slightly by including a chapter on charter parties and an appendix on Shipping terms and abbreviations. In revising this book I am greatly indebted to the various organizations which have helped me so generously, for which I am deeply grateful. I would like particularly to acknowledge with thanks the secretarial help from Mr and Mrs Splarn, and my dear wife for her forbearance, encouragement and help in this task, especially with proof reading. A. E. B. 19, The Ridings, Emmer Green, Reading, Berkshire. September 1970. viii Preface To Third Edition It is fitting the third edition of this established, internationally sold textbook - retailing in 95 countries - emerges at a time of continuing change and expansion of world shipping - particularly at a time when the United Kingdom has its biggest ever merchant fleet. Opportunity has been taken in the enlarged third edition to reflect such implicated changes. It deals more extensively with ship management techniques, liner conferences and containerization which has a separate chapter. An enlarged appendix on shipping terms and abbreviations is also provided. Such enrichment to the third edition should further its popularity in numerous Institutes, Technical Colleges and Universities throughout the world. Moreover, the enlarged third edition should further its use in shipping offices and in particular by the Shipping Executive. In revising this book I am greatly indebted to the various organizations which have helped me so generously, for which I am deeply grateful. I am also grateful to my life long friend Duncan M. Copeland for the diagrammatical material. Finally, in common with the second edition, I would particularly acknowledge with thanks the secretarial help from Mr and Mrs Splarn, and as always, my dear wife for her forbearance, encouragement and help in this task, especially with proof reading. A. E. B. 19, The Ridings, Emmer Green, Reading, Berkshire, England. November 1974. ix Contents Preface to First Edition page VII Preface to Second Edition V III Preface to Third Edition ix I Introduction Scope of book. Function of shipping and its relationship to international trade. 2 The Ship 3 Mainfeatures ofhull and machinery. Types ofp ropulsion. Types and methods of tonnage measurement. Relationship between deadweight tonnage and cubic capacity. 3 Ship Design and Construction 14 General principles and factors influencing design, type and size of ship. Safety and other regulations. Recent trends in ship design. General structure of cargo vessels. Economics of new and second-hand tonnage. 4 Ships and their Cargoes 31 Types of ships. Liners. Tramps. Specialized vessels. 5 Manning of Vessels 42 Duties and responsibilities of the Master. Ship's officers and crew manning. Engagement and discharge of the crew (including Articles of Agreement). The National Maritime Board. The British Shipping Federation. International Shipping Federation. 6 Customs House and Ships' Papers 54 Organization and workings of Customs and Excise. Importation and exportation ofg oods. Revenue and Brus- sels Nomenclature. European Economie Communities - Community Transit. Report (or entering in) and inward clearance. Entry outwards and outward clearance. Ship's papers. Ship's protest. Inland clearance depots. 7 Maritime Canals 69 The economic effect of canals and the ievel of dues charged. The Influence of canals on ship design. Canal x The Elements of Shipping XI restrictions and their influence on routing. Canal areas as poi/as of economic growth. 8 Services performed by Principal Shipping Organizations 74 General Council of British Shipping. The International Chamber of Shipping. Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization. Council of European and Japanese National Shipowners Associations (C.E.N.S.A.). International Committee of Passenger Lines. Ocean Travel Development. United Kingdom Timber Trade Shipowners Demurrage Association. Inter national Committee on the Organization of Traffic at Sea. Lloyd's Register of Shipping. The Corporation of Lloyds. Protection and Indemnity Associations. The Baltic Exchange. British Shippers' Council. 9 Passenger Fares and Freight Rates 98 Theory of passenger fares. Effect of air competition on passenger traffic. Short Sea and Estuarial Passenger Trades .. Theory off reight rates and effect of air competi tion on cargo traffic. Relation between liner and tramp rates. Relation between voyage and time charter rates. Types offreight. Mail contracts and agreements. 10 Liner Conferences 110 Liner conference system. Advantages and disadvantages. Deferred rebate and contract systems. Government control off reight rates. II Ship Operation 122 Factors to consider in planning sailing schedules. Problems presented to shipowners by fluctuations in trade and unequal balance of trade. The relative importance of speed, frequency, reliability and cost of sea transport. Voyage estimates.