Loughborough University Institutional Repository The electrodeposition of tin and lead-tin based alloys ThisitemwassubmittedtoLoughboroughUniversity’sInstitutionalRepository by the/an author. Additional Information: • A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11174 Publisher: (cid:13)c M.A.F. Samel Please cite the published version. This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ s / /0/ 12, L L Z_?:::>f'V ~ _' _ .2:::,.s '?SS LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY AUTHOR/FILING TITLE SAMl€ ... M A {::. .. __ - - - ____ - ____ - ____ ----1------------- ------- --~ ------ ----------------------------------- - -------<"'" ACCESSION/COPY NO, ------- --VOl~NO~------- -c?A~~-l~~t-°~~--------- " - -,' :: '; it} -80r~ - It OCT 1995 25 APR 1997 ) . " I I \.. --- \.. ---~~../ THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF TIN AND LEAD-TIN BASED ALLOYS by M.A.F. SAMEL, BSc (Aleppo), MSc (Loughborough) This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough Un iyers ity of Technology December 1984 Supervisor Or D.R. Gabe Department of Materials Engineering and Design by M.A.F. Samel, 1984 © DEDICATION In memory of my father and mother. To my wife Basima and children. . SYNOPSIS A summary of the conditions for alloy electrodeposition follows a brief introductton which includes the history and the scope of the tin and lead-tin alloy coating industry. The roles of the different variables in the electrodeposition of alloys have been briefly described. A detailed review of the different types of solutions which have been used in tin and lead-tin based alloy electroplatin9 introduces the main industrial applications of such alloys. A detailed study, including the investigation of many methods of preparing a tin sulphamate solution for tin-plating, has been carried out. The optimum conditions for such a solution have been defined following detailed experiments concerning the effect of the different parameters (polarization, current density, additives, etc). Some additives have been studied in detail to secure stability for the solution. A sulphamate electrolyte for lead-tin alloy plating has been· proposed as a combination of the already developed tin solution and a lead sulphamate solution developed previously (see MSc dissertation, 1981). This solution has been used to electrodeposit four types of alloys of composition 90, 80, 70 and 40% lead (remainder tin). The effects· of the more important parameters for the alloy solutions have been investigated to achieve the optimum condition for alloy electro deposition. i As an application of the alloy of composition 90% lead (remainder tin). a set of bearings of a motor car engine has been plated for the purpose of examining the suitability of the alloy for such applications. Preliminary indications are of general acceptance. ii · . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank mY supervisor. Dr D R Gabe. for guidance and patient nelp. and Professor I A Henzies for tne provision of the research facilities. My thanks are also due to Dr D R Eastham of Glacier Metal Co. Ltd. for his help in running some tests in the company laboratories; Or DRoss for the microprobe work; r1iss A Chapman of the Internatio nal Tin Research Institute for her help in atomic absorption analysis and to Miss A Hood for her help in the photographic work. I would also like to thank my colleagues. especially Dr S Ghafouri and G D Wilcox for their precious help and advice. Finally my sincere gratitude goes to my Government for the financial support during this project. iii