Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-9-2012 The Effectiveness of Outdoor Education on Environmental Learning, Appreciation, and Activism Jessica Okaty Florida International University, [email protected] DOI:10.25148/etd.FI12120518 Follow this and additional works at:https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Okaty, Jessica, "The Effectiveness of Outdoor Education on Environmental Learning, Appreciation, and Activism" (2012).FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 791. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/791 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, FL THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OUTDOOR EDUCATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING, APPRECIATION, AND ACTIVISM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES by Jessica Okaty 2012 To: Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences This thesis, written by Jessica Okaty and entitled The Effectiveness of Outdoor Education on Environmental Learning, Appreciation, and Activism, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. ____________________________________ Joel Heinen ____________________________________ Whitney Bauman ____________________________________ Raymond Scattone, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 8, 2012 The thesis of Jessica Okaty is approved. ____________________________________ Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences ____________________________________ Dean Lakshmi Reddi University Graduate School Florida International University, 2012 ii DEDICATION I want to dedicate my thesis to my grandma, Nora Berman. She taught me to be kind, curious, to whistle, and countless other things. She spent hours taking me to dance, swimming, piano, and the park. I spent hours writing this thesis on her desk. Without her guidance, support, and endless love, I would not be the woman I am today. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank the following people for their help and support: My major professor, Dr. Scattone, for all of his help and for never giving up on me. Dr. Whitney Bauman and Dr. Joel Heinen, my committee members, for their knowledge and patience. Angeline Low, the statistics angel, for all of her help with analysis and her fun stories. Melissa Ussa and Meenakshi Jerath for being great teachers and helping me collect data. Tricia Callahan, for reminding me that there’s a light at the end of the tunnel (with wine). Chris Edwards for being a great lab partner, for advice, and statistical guidance. Alexandra Ricardel, for always reminding me that, “it’s okay.” Jenny Lopez, for helping me proofread and for celebrating with me. My parents, Rosalie and Anatole Okaty, for all of their love, guidance, and support. Cara Cooper, for inspiring me to learn more about our earth and being such a rock for me over the years. My boyfriend, Zach Graham for easing my stress and making me laugh along the way. To all of my teachers who helped guide my learning experience to develop my knowledge to the place where it is today. All of my family and friends who never stopped believing in me, even when I did, thank you. I could not have done this without all of you. iv ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OUTDOOR EDUCATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING, APPRECIATION, AND ACTIVISM by Jessica Okaty Florida International University, 2012 Miami, Florida Raymond Scattone, Major Professor The main objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of outdoor education on student knowledge retention, appreciation for nature, and environmental activism in a college level course on south Florida ecology. Six class sections were given quizzes on four course topics either post-lecture or post-field trip. Students were also given pre-course and post-course opinion surveys. Although mean quiz scores for the post-field trip were higher than for the post-lecture, statistical analysis determined that there was no significant difference in quiz scores for location taken (post-lecture or post- field trip). Survey results show a correlation between knowledge of environmental issues and environmental activism. Even though student survey responses point to outdoor education and field trips being the most effective method of learning and influential on appreciation for nature, the quiz scores do not reflect such. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 1 II. Literature Review………………………………………………………………. 4 A. Nature Deficit Disorder……………………………………………….. 4 B. Environmental Literacy……………………………………………….. 6 C. Environmental Education…………………………………………..….. 8 D. Experiential Learning…………………………………………………. 10 E. Outdoor Education………………………………………….…………. 13 F. Activism……………………………………………………………….. 16 III. Methods and Procedures………………………………………………………. 19 A. Participants and Study Area…………………………………...………. 19 B. Experimental Design…………………………………………….…….. 20 1. Study One: Knowledge Retention…………………………….. 20 2. Study Two: Personal Opinion Survey………………………… 21 C. Statistical Analysis……………………………………….…………..... 21 1. Analysis of Quiz Scores………………………………………. 22 2. Analysis of Survey Responses………………………………… 22 a. Composite Scales…………………………………….. 22 b. Correlation……………………………………………. 24 3. Percents and Frequency Comparison…………………………. 24 IV. Results……………………………….……………………………………….. 25 A. Quiz Scores……………………………….…………………………… 25 B. Surveys……………………………….……………………………….. 27 1. Reliability Scales……………………………….…………….. 27 2. Mean Scores of Reliability Scales……………………………. 28 3. Correlations……………………………….………………….. 30 4. Frequency and Percent Comparisons…………………………. 31 V. Discussion……………………………….……………………………………... 38 A. Knowledge Retention Study………………………………………….. 38 B. Personal Opinion Study……………………………….………………. 40 1. Mean Scores of Reliability Scales……………………………. 40 2. Correlations…………………………………………………… 41 3. Learning Styles……………………………………………….. 41 4. Outdoor Activities…………………………………………….. 42 5. Course Effectiveness………………………………………….. 43 vi VI. Conclusion……………………………….……………………………………. 45 A. Summary of Research Results……………………………………….. 45 B. Suggestions for Future Research…………………………………….. 46 C. Recommendations for Educators and Institutions…………………… 48 D. Final Thoughts……………………………………………………….. 49 REFERENCES……………………………….…………………………………… 51 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………….. 56 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Class sections and corresponding quiz locations for each topic………………… 21 2. Mean scores for topic and location……………………………………………… 27 3. Mean scores of reliability scales………………………………………………… 29 4. Effectiveness scores for preferred learning styles………………………............. 29 5. Effectiveness score for preferred learning………………………………………. 30 methods about south Florida ecosystems 6. Percent of student responses for learning style types………………………….... 32 7. Outdoor activity enjoyment responses………………………………………….. 32 8. Response percentages for outdoor activities that students enjoy………………... 33 9. Response percentages for likelihood of engaging………………………………. 34 in more outdoor activities in the future 10. Response percentages for course effectiveness question set…………………... 35 11. Response percentages for conservation efforts question……………………… 36 12. Response percentages for organizational involvement question……………… 36 viii I. INTRODUCTION Evidence shows that immense global environmental problems exist that pose significant threats to humans and environmental health, and quality of life, such as global warming, pollution, and species diversity loss. Effective solutions to these problems require a well-educated society and professionals in the field (EPA, 1990). Most people are not aware of environmental problems and unknowingly live unsustainable lifestyles that are leading to environmental despair. The large majority of Americans are unaware that they know little about environmental problems or have misconceptions about them (Coyle, 1999). Some have a misconception that humankind will triumph because it historically has triumphed over many local crises, but this is the first truly global crisis (Orr, 1992). Many people now prioritize the economy over environment, which is a major change over the past decade from when people were more concerned with the environment (Jones, 2011). The economy is being prioritized over the environment in the midst of an environmental crisis. There is a nature deficit – a disconnect – between humans and their role in nature, and little public environmental literacy (Louv, 2005). Environmental education is needed to help the public with these problems, and outdoor education plays a key role in doing so. Only when an appreciation for nature is gained will people be motivated to address major environmental problems, and my thesis assumes that outdoor education will increase appreciation for nature in individuals. Environmental education is a vital part of informing people about their relationship with their environment and their interdependence with nature. Outdoor education, a form of experiential education, plays a pivotal role in engaging students in the topics under discussion. However, many environmental education courses are taught 1