WWiinntthhrroopp UUnniivveerrssiittyy DDiiggiittaall CCoommmmoonnss @@ WWiinntthhrroopp UUnniivveerrssiittyy Graduate Theses The Graduate School 5-2016 TThhee EEffffeecctt ooff MMuussiicc aanndd TTeelleevviissiioonn VViieewwiinngg oonn EEnnjjooyymmeenntt DDuurriinngg AAeerroobbiicc EExxeerrcciissee Nicole Swank Winthrop University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses Part of the Education Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Swank, Nicole, "The Effect of Music and Television Viewing on Enjoyment During Aerobic Exercise" (2016). Graduate Theses. 24. https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/24 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. May, 2016 To the Dean of the Graduate School: We are submitting a thesis written by Nicole Swank entitled THE EFFECT OF MUSIC AND TELEVISION VIEWING ON ENJOYMENT DURING AEROBIC EXERCISE. We recommend acceptance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sport and Fitness Administration through the Richard W. Riley College of Education. __________________________________________ Janet Wojcik, Thesis Advisor __________________________________________ Charles Bowers, Committee Member __________________________________________ Joni Boyd, Committee Member __________________________________________ Jennie Rakestraw, Dean, College of Education __________________________________________ Jack E. DeRochi, Dean, Graduate School THE EFFECT OF MUSIC AND TELEVISION VIEWING ON ENJOYMENT DURING AEROBIC EXERCISE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty Of the Richard W. Riley College of Education In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Of Master of Science In Sport & Fitness Administration Winthrop University May, 2016 By Nicole Swank i Abstract A majority of individuals exercise with an entertainment device that promotes a positive distraction during aerobic exercise. It is however unclear if certain entertainment promotes a greater enjoyment and feeling state than others. The purpose of this study was to examine if television viewing and music would increase enjoyment and feeling state during aerobic exercise. Fourteen males and sixteen females (n=30) between the ages of 18-30 participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: music, television viewing (TV), and control. Participants could choose between the elliptical and treadmill, and exercise was self-paced for 30 minutes. METS, WATTS, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), speed/cross ramp, resistance/incline, and total distance were recorded during the 30-minute exercise bout. Additionally, participants completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) and Exercise-Induced Feeling State Scale (EFI). A repeated measures ANOVA compared enjoyment and feeling state between the three conditions. There were no significant differences in the physiological variables. However, there were significant differences in the PACES enjoyment scale (p = .014) and in the EFI feeling state subscales between positive affect (p <.01 = .000), negative affect (p = <.001), and fatigue (p = .026), but no significance in tranquility (p = .098). The results of this study show positive mood effects of listening to music and/or TV viewing during aerobic exercise but no differences in the physiological variables associated with the workout. If a person should forget an entertainment device, there is no different in the physiological benefit to the workout, but he/she should feel higher enjoyment and feeling states with using the devices. ii Acknowledgements I would like to gratefully acknowledge various people who have guided me on all accounts during this process in completing my thesis and Masters. First, I want to thank my thesis committee for motivating and encouraging me throughout this procedure and the time I have attended Winthrop University. Second, I want to thank all of the participants who have dedicated their time in making this study possible. Lastly, my biggest thanks goes to my mom. Without her continuous support and love I would not be where I am today. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................v List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem .....................................................................................................1 Research Hypotheses ...........................................................................................................2 Definition of Terms..............................................................................................................3 Delimitations ........................................................................................................................4 Limitations ...........................................................................................................................4 Chapter 2: Review of Literature ......................................................................................6 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................6 The Purpose of Distraction During Aerobic Exercise .........................................................7 Music During Aerobic Exercise...........................................................................................8 Television During Aerobic Exercise ..................................................................................10 Perceived Exertion with a Distraction ...............................................................................11 Enjoyment with a Distraction ............................................................................................12 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................13 Chapter 3: Methods & Procedures ................................................................................14 Participants .........................................................................................................................14 Research Design.................................................................................................................15 Instruments .........................................................................................................................15 Procedures ..........................................................................................................................17 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................................19 Chapter 4: Journal Manuscript ......................................................................................20 Introduction ........................................................................................................................20 Methods .............................................................................................................................22 Participants .........................................................................................................................22 Instruments .........................................................................................................................22 Procedures ..........................................................................................................................24 Statistical Analyses ............................................................................................................26 Results .. .............................................................................................................................26 Participant Demographics ..................................................................................................27 Physiological Measurements .............................................................................................27 Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale ....................................................................................28 Exercise-Induced Feeling State Scale ................................................................................30 Discussion ..........................................................................................................................36 Practical Application ..........................................................................................................39 iv Appendices ........................................................................................................................41 A. IRB Forms .....................................................................................................................42 B. Health History & PAR-Q ..............................................................................................51 C. Recruitment Flyer ..........................................................................................................53 D. Data Collection Form ....................................................................................................54 E. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and Exercise-Induced Feeling States Scale ..........55 F. Raw Data .......................................................................................................................57 References .........................................................................................................................58 v List of Tables Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of Participant Measurements ............................................27 Table 2: Tests of Within-Subject Effects Physiological Measurements ............................28 Table 3: Tests of Within-Subject Effects Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale ..................29 Table 4: Tests of Within-Subject Effects Exercise-Induced Feeling State Scale ..............30 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Comparison of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale ...........................................29 Figure 2: Comparison of Exercise-Induced Feeling State Scale .......................................31 Figure 3: Comparison of Exercise-Induced Feeling State Subscale – Positive Affect ......32 Figure 4: Comparison of Exercise-Induced Feeling State Subscale – Negative Affect ....33 Figure 5: Comparison of Exercise-Induced Feeling State Subscale – Fatigue ..................34 Figure 6: Comparison of Exercise-Induced Feeling State Subscale – Tranquility ............35 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem Exercise has as many physiological benefits as it does mental benefits (Weir, 2011). Unfortunately, those benefits are not enough to prevent an obesity epidemic. According to the Center of Disease Control (2015) more than one-third (34.9%) of American adults are obese. Prior researchers have tried to control distraction to mitigate unpleasant emotions and physical pain during exercise as a solution to increase exercise enjoyment. Music has been a successful distractor for decreasing perceived exertion and increasing exercise duration in runners (De Bourdeaudhuij et al., 2002). Since the age of portable music it is uncommon to see individuals exercise without the aid of an entertainment device. More recently, online video streaming services and television screens connected to aerobic exercise machines are other entertainment options for exercisers. An external stimulus during aerobic exercise is perceived to distract individuals a number of ways, such as, suppressing perceived exertion and physical pain. Additionally, the options may enhance work efficiency and increase physical performance. They may also, mitigate unpleasant emotions and promote enjoyment (Lin & Lu, 2013). Television viewing has not been researched to the extent music has according to Russell et al. (2003). A recent study by Privitera, Antonelli, & Szal (2014) showed exercise by itself increased a pleasant mood, but adding the positive distraction of television increased the participant’s pleasant mood more than the exercise by itself. In