The Economy of Medieval Hungary East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka Volume 49 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Economy of Medieval Hungary Edited by József Laszlovszky Balázs Nagy Péter Szabó András Vadas LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: (Front) Saint Anne Trinity, St Anne with the Virgin and Child (known as Metercia), 1513, Cathedral of the Assumption of Virgin Mary, Rožňava (Katedrála Nanebovzatia panny Márie v Rožňave). (Back) Golden florin from the period of King Charles I with the inscription Karolu[s] rex, Coin collection of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest (Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum. Éremtár). The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2018001835 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1872-8103 isbn 978-90-04-31015-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-36390-8 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Note on Names ix Acknowledgements x List of Figures and Tables xii Abbreviations xvi Notes on Contributors xvii Introduction: Hungarian Medieval Economic History: Sources, Research and Methodology 1 József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, Péter Szabó and András Vadas Part 1 Structures 1 Long-Term Environmental Changes in Medieval Hungary: Changes in Settlement Areas and Their Potential Drivers 39 László Ferenczi, József Laszlovszky, Zsolt Pinke, Péter Szabó and András Vadas 2 Demographic Issues in Late Medieval Hungary: Population, Ethnic Groups, Economic Activity 48 András Kubinyi and József Laszlovszky 3 Mobility, Roads and Bridges in Medieval Hungary 64 Magdolna Szilágyi Part 2 Human-Nature Interaction in Production 4 Agriculture in Medieval Hungary 81 József Laszlovszky 5 Animal Exploitation in Medieval Hungary 113 László Bartosiewicz, Anna Zsófia Biller, Péter Csippán, László Daróczi-Szabó, Márta Daróczi-Szabó, Erika Gál, István Kováts, Kyra Lyublyanovics and Éva Ágnes Nyerges vi CONTENTS 6 Mining in Medieval Hungary 166 Zoltán Batizi 7 Salt Mining and Trade in Hungary before the Mongol Invasion 182 Beatrix F. Romhányi 8 Salt Mining and Trade in Hungary from the mid-Thirteenth Century until the End of the Middle Ages 205 István Draskóczy 9 The Extent and Management of Woodland in Medieval Hungary 219 Péter Szabó 10 Water Management in Medieval Hungary 238 László Ferenczi Part 3 Money, Incomes and Management 11 Royal Revenues in the Árpádian Age 255 Boglárka Weisz 12 Seigneurial Dues and Taxation Principles in Late Medieval Hungary 265 Árpád Nógrády 13 Minting, Financial Administration and Coin Circulation in Hungary in the Árpádian and Angevin Periods (1000–1387) 279 Csaba Tóth 14 Coinage and Financial Administration in Late Medieval Hungary (1387–1526) 295 Márton Gyöngyössy Part 4 Spheres of Production 15 The Ecclesiastic Economy in Medieval Hungary 309 Beatrix F. Romhányi CONTENTS vii 16 The Urban Economy in Medieval Hungary 335 Katalin Szende 17 The Medieval Market Town and Its Economy 359 István Petrovics 18 Crafts in Medieval Hungary 369 László Szende 19 The Economy of Castle Estates in the Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary 394 István Kenyeres Part 5 Trade Relations 20 Domestic Trade in the Árpádian Age 419 Boglárka Weisz 21 Professional Merchants and the Institutions of Trade: Domestic Trade in Late Medieval Hungary 432 András Kubinyi 22 Import Objects as Sources of the Economic History of Medieval Hungary 455 István Feld 23 Foreign Trade of Medieval Hungary 473 Balázs Nagy 24 Foreign Business Interests in Hungary in the Middle Ages 491 Krisztina Arany Appendix 509 List of References 511 Index of Geographic Names 625 Index of Personal Names 636 Note on Names If a settlement lies outside the territory of present-day Hungary we always use its official current place name. In order to make identification easier in the index we will also refer to the Hungarian or other relevant forms of the settlement name. If a settlement is lost or integrated into a modern settle- ment with a different name we will use its medieval or early modern name. With rivers having sections in present-day Hungary we will use the Hungarian names unless they have an English version. With rivers outside of present-day Hungary we use the form of the name used in the relevant countries. We will use Hungarian forms for the historical county names. Kings and queens will be referred to in their English name forms but will always indicate their title as kings and queens of Hungary. Acknowledgements The concept of this volume originated in the scholarly oeuvre of the late pro- fessor András Kubinyi (1929–2007), a leading scholar of medieval Hungarian economic and social history. Most of the authors of the individual chapters were his students or colleagues. The editors are indebted to Professor Kubinyi for inspiration and the motivation he provided. The present volume is a late but closely connected outcome of the project Medieval Hungarian Economic History in the Light of Archaeology and Material Culture, supported by OTKA (the National Scholarly Research Fund, OTKA TS 49866) between 2005 and 2008. The project was directed by András Kubinyi, and after his death by József Laszlovszky. The results of this research project have been summarized in a Hungarian- language collective volume that was published in 2008 (Gazdaság és gaz- dálkodás a középkori Magyarországon. Gazdaságtörténet, anyagi kultúra, régészet [Economy and farming in medieval Hungary. Economic history, ma- terial culture and archaeology], eds. Kubinyi, A., Laszlovszky, J. and Szabó, P. Budapest: Martin Opitz). A later grant from OTKA also financed the English translation of the volume (OTKA PUB-K 80703). Many of the chapters were translated by Alan Campbell, and the editors hereby wish to express their grati- tude to him for his precise and dedicated work as well as for Simon Milton for proofreading the entire manuscript. This volume, however, is not a simple translation of its forerunner in Hungarian, but is basically a new volume which includes a number of new chapters, covering – among other topics – royal revenues, environmental changes, and roads and communication networks. All the chapters have been re-written and adapted according to the needs and interests of non-Hungar- ian readers. The authors have also endeavored to define and clarify all the concepts and terminology that are less well known among non-Hungarian readers. The editors express their gratitude to the series editor Florin Curta for ac- cepting this volume to the series East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 and for his numerous advices to improve the quality of the text. Marcella Mulder from Brill helped the editorial work from the begin- ning until the last moment with special patience and care. The editors thank Jozef Markotan, great provost of the Rožňava Cathedral Chapter for giving