Seventh Edition The Addison-Wesley Series in Economics Abel/Bernanke Gordon Parkin Macroeconomics Macroeconomics Economics Bade/Parkin Gregory Parkin/Bade Foundations of Microeconomics Essentials of Economics Economics in Action Software Bade/Parkin Gregory/Stuart Perloff Foundations of Macroeconomics Russian and Soviet Economic Performance Microeconomics Bierman/Fernandez and Structure Phelps Game Theory with Economic Applications Hartwick/Olewiler Health Economics Binger/Hoffman The Economics of Natural Resource Use Riddell/Shackelford/Stamos/ Microeconomics with Calculus Hubbard Schneider Money, the Financial System, Economics: A Tool for Critically Boyer and the Economy Understanding Society Principles of Transportation Economics Hughes/Cain Ritter/Silber/Udell Branson American Economic History Principles of Money, Banking, Macroeconomic Theory and Policy and Financial Markets Husted/Melvin Bruce International Economics Rohlf Public Finance and the American Economy Introduction to Economic Reasoning Jehle/Reny Byrns/Stone Advanced Microeconomic Theory Ruffin/Gregory Economics Principles of Economics Klein Carlton/Perloff Mathematical Methods Sargent Modern Industrial Organization for Economics Rational Expectations Caves/Frankel/Jones and Inflation Krugman/Obstfeld World Trade and Payments: International Economics: Scherer An Introduction Theory and Policy Industry Structure, Strategy, Chapman and Public Policy Laidler Environmental Economics: The Demand for Money: Schotter Theory, Application, and Policy Theories, Evidence, and Problems Microeconomics: Cooter/Ulen A Modern Approach Leeds/von Allmen Law and Economics The Economics of Sports Stock/Watson Downs Introduction to Econometrics Lipsey/Courant/Ragan An Economic Theory of Democracy Economics Studenmund Eaton/Mishkin Using Econometrics: McCarty Online Readings to Accompany A Practical Guide Dollars and Sense: The Economics of Money, Banking, and An Introduction to Economics Tietenberg Financial Markets Environmental and Natural Melvin Ehrenberg/Smith Resource Economics International Money Modern Labor Economics and Finance Tietenberg Ekelund/Tollison Environmental Economics and Policy Miller Economics:Private Markets Economics Today Todaro/Smith and Public Choice Economic Development Miller/Benjamin/North Fusfeld The Economics of Public Issues Waldman/Jensen The Age of the Economist Industrial Organization: Mills/Hamilton Gerber Theory and Practice Urban Economics International Economics Williamson Mishkin Ghiara Macroeconomics The Economics of Money, Banking, and Learning Economics: Financial Markets A Practical Workbook Frederic S. Mishkin Columbia University Editor in Chief: Denise Clinton Acquisitions Editor: Victoria Warneck Executive Development Manager: Sylvia Mallory Development Editor: Jane Tufts Production Supervisor: Meredith Gertz Text Design: Studio Montage Cover Design: Regina Hagen Kolenda and Studio Montage Composition: Argosy Publishing Senior Manufacturing Supervisor: Hugh Crawford Senior Marketing Manager: Barbara LeBuhn Cover images: © PhotoDisc Media Producer: Melissa Honig Supplements Editor: Diana Theriault Credits to copyrighted material appear on p. C-1, which constitutes a continuation of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Mishkin, Frederic S. The economics of money, banking, and financial markets / Frederic S. Mishkin.—7th ed. p. cm. — (The Addison-Wesley series in economics) Supplemented by a subscription to a companion web site. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-321-12235-6 1. Finance. 2. Money. 3. Banks and banking. I. Title. II. Series. HG173.M632 2004 332—dc21 2003041912 Copyright © 2004 by Frederic S. Mishkin. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW—06050403 CONTENTS IN BRIEF PART I Introduction 1 1 Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2 An Overview of the Financial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 3 What Is Money? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 PART II Financial Markets 59 4 Understanding Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 5 The Behavior of Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 6 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 7 The Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 PART III Financial Institutions 167 8 An Economic Analysis of Financial Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 9 Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 10 Banking Industry: Structure and Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 11 Economic Analysis of Banking Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 12 Nonbank Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 13 Financial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 PART IV Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy 333 14 Structure of Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 15 Multiple Deposit Creation and the Money Supply Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357 16 Determinants of the Money Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 17 Tools of Monetary Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 18 Conduct of Monetary Policy: Goals and Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 PART V International Finance and Monetary Policy 433 19 The Foreign Exchange Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 20 The International Financial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462 21 Monetary Policy Strategy: The International Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 vii viii Contents in Brief PART VI Monetary Theory 515 22 The Demand for Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517 23 The Keynesian Framework and the ISLMModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 24 Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the ISLMModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 25 Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582 26 Transmission Mechanisms of Monetary Policy: The Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . .603 27 Money and Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632 28 Rational Expectations: Implications for Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658 CONTENTS PART I Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 WHY STUDY MONEY,BANKING,AND FINANCIAL MARKETS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Why Study Financial Markets? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 The Bond Market and Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 The Stock Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 The Foreign Exchange Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Why Study Banking and Financial Institutions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Structure of the Financial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Banks and Other Financial Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Financial Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Why Study Money and Monetary Policy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Money and Business Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Money and Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Money and Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Conduct of Monetary Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 How We Will Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Exploring the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Problems, and Web Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Appendix to Chapter 1 Defining Aggregate Output,Income,the Price Level, and the Inflation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Aggregate Output and Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Real Versus Nominal Magnitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Aggregate Price Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Growth Rates and the Inflation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 ix x Contents CHAPTER 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Function of Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Structure of Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Debt and Equity Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Primary and Secondary Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Money and Capital Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Internationalization of Financial Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 International Bond Market, Eurobonds, and Eurocurrencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 World Stock Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Function of Financial Intermediaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Transaction Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Following the Financial News Foreign Stock Market Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Box 1 Global: The Importance of Financial Intermediaries to Securities Markets: An International Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Risk Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Financial Intermediaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Depository Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Contractual Savings Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Investment Intermediaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Regulation of the Financial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Increasing Information Available to Investors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Ensuring the Soundness of Financial Intermediaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Financial Regulation Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Problems, and Web Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 CHAPTER 3 WHAT IS MONEY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Meaning of Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Functions of Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Medium of Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Unit of Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Store of Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Evolution of the Payments System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Commodity Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Fiat Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Box 1 Global: Birth of the Euro: Will It Benefit Europe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Electronic Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Contents xi Box 2 E-Finance: Why Are Scandinavians So Far Ahead of Americans in Using Electronic Payments? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 E-Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Measuring Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 The Federal Reserve’s Monetary Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Box 3 E-Finance: Are We Headed for a Cashless Society? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Following the Financial News The Monetary Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 How Reliable Are the Money Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Problems, and Web Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 PART II Financial Markets 59 CHAPTER 4 UNDERSTANDING INTEREST RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Measuring Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Present Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Four Types of Credit Market Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Yield to Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Box 1 Global: Negative T-Bill Rates? Japan Shows the Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Other Measures of Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Current Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Yield on a Discount Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Application Reading the Wall Street Journal: The Bond Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Following the Financial News Bond Prices and Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 The Distinction Between Interest Rates and Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Maturity and the Volatility of Bond Returns: Interest-Rate Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Box 2 Helping Investors to Select Desired Interest-Rate Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 The Distinction Between Real and Nominal Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Box 3 With TIPS, Real Interest Rates Have Become Observable in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Problems, and Web Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 CHAPTER 5 THE BEHAVIOR OF INTEREST RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Determinants of Asset Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 xii Contents Expected Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Liquidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Theory of Asset Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Supply and Demand in the Bond Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Demand Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Supply Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Market Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Supply and Demand Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Loanable Funds Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Changes in Equilibrium Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Shifts in the Demand for Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Shifts in the Supply of Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Application Changes in the Equilibrium Interest Rate Due to Expected Inflation or Business Cycle Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Changes in Expected Inflation: The Fisher Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Business Cycle Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Application Explaining Low Japanese Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Application Reading the Wall Street Journal“Credit Markets” Column . . . . . . . .103 Following the Financial News The “Credit Markets” Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Supply and Demand in the Market for Money: The Liquidity Preference Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Changes in Equilibrium Interest Rates in the Liquidity Reference Framework . . . . .107 Shifts in the Demand for Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Shifts in the Supply of Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Application Changes in the Equilibrium Interest Rate Due to Changes in Income, the Price Level, or the Money Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Changes in Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Changes in the Price Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Changes in the Money Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Following the Financial News Forecasting Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Application Money and Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Does a Higher Rate of Growth of the Money Supply Lower Interest Rates? . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Problems, and Web Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . .117 CHAPTER 6 THE RISK AND TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Risk Structure of Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Default Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Application The Enron Bankruptcy and the Baa-Aaa Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124