РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS GENES ARE SOLAR ENERGY IS BOTH WITHOUT LIMIT AND SELFISH WITHOUT COST MOLECULES E THE TIME HAS PLANTS LIVE COME FOR SCIENCE C ON A DIFFERENT TO BUSY ITSELF WITH TIMESCALE THE EARTH ITSELF O THE FOOD IS THE BURNING L ECOLOGY QUESTION O ALL BODILY ACTIVITY DEPENDS G BOOK ON TEMPERATURE Y BIG IDEAS SIMPLY EXPLAINED THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY WE ARE LIVING ON THIS PLANET AS THOUGH WE ARE PLAYING DICE WE HAD ANOTHER WITH THE NATURAL IF YOU DO NOT KNOW THE NAMES OF ONE TO GO ENVIRONMENT THINGS, THE KNOWLEDGE OF THEM TO IS LOST РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS US_001_Half_Title.indd 1 12/11/18 8:25 PM РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS US_002-003_Title.indd 2 12/11/18 8:25 PM РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS FOREWORD BY TONY JUNIPER US_002-003_Title.indd 3 22/11/2018 17:50 РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS DK US/LONDON ASSISTANT ART EDITORS Fiona Plowman, Dorothy Stannard, Shreya Singal, Vidushi Gupta, Amrai Dua Rachel Warren Chadd SENIOR EDITORS SENIOR EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR Helen Fewster, Camilla Hallinan Janashree Singha Isobel Rodel SENIOR ART EDITOR EDITOR INDEXER Duncan Turner Aadithyan Mohan K. Marie Lorimer AMERICANIZER ASSISTANT EDITORS PROOFREADER Jill Hamilton Rishi Bryan, Tanya Singhal, Nonita Saha Richard Beatty ILLUSTRATIONS JACKET DESIGNER ADDITIONAL TEXT James Graham Suhita Dharamjit Shannon Webber, Marcus Weeks JACKET EDITOR SENIOR DTP DESIGNERS original styling by Emma Dawson Harish Aggarwal, Jagtar Singh STUDIO 8 JACKET DESIGNER DTP DESIGNERS Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi Mohammad Rizwan, Bimlesh Tiwary First American Edition, 2019 JACKET DESIGN Published in the United States by DEVELOPMENT MANAGER PICTURE RESEARCHER DK Publishing, 1450 Broadway, 8th Floor, Sophia MTT Vishal Ghavri New York, New York 10018 JACKETS EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Copyright © 2019 Dorling Kindersley Limited PRODUCER, PRE-PRODUCTION DK, a division of Penguin Random House LLC Andy Hilliard Priyanka Sharma Foreword © 2019 Tony Juniper SMENesIkOeRre PmR OBeDrUhCanEeR MANAGINSaGlo JnAi CSKinEgThS EDITOR 19 20 02011 2–23 12130 4100– 9A 8p r7/ 260 51 94 3 2 1 MANAGING EDITOR PICTURE RESEARCH MANAGER All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the Angeles Gavira Guerrero Taiyaba Khatoon copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval MANAGING ART EDITOR PRE-PRODUCTION MANAGER system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means Michael Duffy Balwant Singh (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the ASSOCIATE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR PRODUCTION MANAGER copyright owner. Published in Great Britain Liz Wheeler Pankaj Sharma by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from ART DIRECTOR MANAGING EDITOR the Library of Congress. Karen Self Soma B. Chowdhury ISBN 978-1-4654-7958-7 DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR MANAGING ART EDITOR DK books are available at special discounts when Philip Ormerod Arunesh Talapatra purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: PUBLISHING DIRECTOR TOUCAN BOOKS DK Publishing Special Markets, 1450 Broadway, 8th Floor, Jonathan Metcalf New York, New York 10018 or [email protected] EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Printed and bound in Malaysia DK DELHI Ellen Dupont A WORLD OF IDEAS: SENIOR ART EDITOR SENIOR DESIGNER SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW Ira Sharma Thomas Keenes www.dk.com PROJECT ART EDITOR SENIOR EDITOR Vikas Sachdeva Scarlett O’Hara ART EDITORS EDITORS Shipra Jain, Sourabh Challariya, John Andrews, Alethea Doran, Sue George, Debjyoti Mukherjee Guy Croton, Cathy Meeus, Abigail Mitchell, US_004-005_Imprint_Contributors.indd 4 29/11/2018 12:51 РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS CONTRIBUTORS JULIA SCHROEDER, CONSULTANT DEREK HARVEY Julia Schroeder received her Ph.D. in Animal Ecology from the A naturalist and teacher with a particular interest in evolutionary University of Groningen in the Netherlands. From 2012 to 2017, biology, Derek Harvey graduated in Zoology from Liverpool University she headed a research group at the Max Planck Institute for in the UK. He has taught a generation of biologists and led student Ornithology in Germany, studying social behavioral ecology. Julia expeditions to Costa Rica, Madagascar, and Australasia. Derek now currently researches and teaches evolutionary biology at Imperial concentrates on writing and consulting for science and natural College London. history books. CELIA COYNE TOM JACKSON Celia Coyne is a freelance writer and editor living in Christchurch, A writer for 25 years, Tom Jackson is the author of about 200 nonfiction New Zealand. She is the author of Earth’s Riches and The Power of books for adults and children and has contributed to many more. Tom Plants and writes and edits articles on science and natural history studied zoology at Bristol University, UK, and worked in zoos and as a for magazines, newspapers, journals, websites, and books in the UK, conservationist before turning to writing about natural history and all Australia, and New Zealand. Her aim is to make scientific subjects things scientific. accessible to lay readers. ALISON SINGER JOHN FARNDON Alison Singer is a Ph.D. candidate in Community Sustainability at The author of hundreds of books on science and nature for both Michigan State University, US, where she studies storytelling and children and adults, John Farndon studied geography at Cambridge science communication. She has a broad educational background in University. He has written extensively on earth sciences and the writing, ecology, and the social sciences. Alison has worked as an environment, focusing in particular on conservation and ecology. educator for environmental charities, and for the US Environmental His books include The Oceans Atlas, The Wildlife Atlas, How the Earth Protection Agency. Works, and The Practical Encyclopedia of Rocks and Minerals. TIM HARRIS After studying Norwegian glaciers in college, Tim Harris traveled the world in search of unusual wildlife and extraordinary landscapes. He has explored the dunes of the Namib Desert, climbed Popocatépetl in central Mexico, camped in the Sumatran rain forest, and searched the frozen Sea of Okhotsk in Russia. He is a former Deputy Editor of Birdwatch magazine in the UK and has written books about nature for adults and children. US_004-005_Imprint_Contributors.indd 5 12/11/2018 17:34 РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS CONTENTS 12 INTRODUCTION 34 We’ve discovered the secret of life The role of DNA THE STORY OF EVOLUTION 38 Genes are selfish molecules The selfish gene 20 Time is insignificant and never a difficulty for nature ECOLOGICAL Early theories of evolution PROCESSES 22 A world previous to ours, destroyed by catastrophe 66 The fitness of a foraging Extinction and change 44 Lessons from animal depends on mathematical theory its efficiency 23 No vestige of a beginning on the struggle Optimal foraging theory —no prospect of an end for life Uniformitarianism Predator–prey equations 68 Parasites and pathogens control populations 24 The struggle for existence 50 Existence is determined like predators Evolution by natural selection by a slender thread Ecological epidemiology of circumstances 32 Human beings are Ecological niches 72 Why don’t penguins’ ultimately nothing feet freeze? but carriers for genes 52 Complete competitors Ecophysiology The rules of heredity cannot coexist Competitive exclusion 74 All life is chemical principle Ecological stoichiometry 54 Poor field experiments 76 Fear itself is powerful can be worse than Nonconsumptive effects useless of predators on their prey Field experiments 56 More nectar means ORDERING THE more ants and more NATURAL WORLD ants mean more nectar Mutualisms 60 Whelks are like 82 In all things of nature little wolves in there is something of slow motion the marvelous Keystone species Classification of living things US_006-011_Contents_Foreword.indd 6 17/12/2018 14:33 РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS 84 By the help of 138 Life is supported by a vast microscopes nothing network of processes escapes our inquiry Energy flow through The microbiological ecosystems environment 140 The world is green 86 If you do not know Trophic cascades the names of things, the knowledge of them is lost 144 Islands are ecological A system for identifying all systems nature’s organisms Island biogeography 88 “Reproductively isolated” 150 It is the constancy of are the key words numbers that matters Biological species concept 114 Birds lay the number Ecological resilience of eggs that produce 90 Organisms clearly the optimum number 152 Populations are subjected cluster into several of offspring to unpredictable forces primary kingdoms Clutch control The neutral theory of A modern view of diversity biodiversity 116 The bond with a true dog 92 Save the biosphere and is as lasting as the ties of 153 Only a community you may save the world this earth can ever be of researchers has a Human activity Animal behavior chance of revealing and biodiversity the complex whole 118 Redefine “tool”, redefine Big ecology 96 We are in the opening “man”, or accept phase of a mass chimpanzees as humans 154 The best strategy extinction Using animal models to depends on what Biodiversity hotspots understand human behavior others are doing Evolutionarily stable state 126 All bodily activity THE VARIETY depends on temperature Thermoregulation in insects OF LIFE ECOSYSTEMS 102 It is the microbes that will have the last word Microbiology 132 Every distinct part of nature’s works is 104 Certain tree species necessary for the have a symbiosis support of the rest with fungi The food chain The ubiquity of mycorrhizae 134 All organisms are 106 Food is the potential sources of food burning question for other organisms Animal ecology The ecosystem US_006-011_Contents_Foreword.indd 7 12/11/2018 17:34 РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS 156 Species maintain the 170 I have great faith functioning and stability in a seed of ecosystems Ecological succession Biodiversity and ecosystem function 172 The community arises, grows, matures, and dies ORGANISMS IN Climax community A CHANGING 174 An association is not an organism ENVIRONMENT but a coincidence Open community theory 162 The philosophical study THE LIVING EARTH of nature connects the 176 A group of species present with the past that exploit their The distribution of species environment in 198 The glacier was God’s over space and time a similar way great plow The ecological guild Ancient ice ages 164 The virtual increase of the population is limited by 178 The citizen 200 There is nothing the fertility of the country network depends on the map to mark The Verhulst equation on volunteers the boundary line Citizen science Biogeography 166 The first requisite is a thorough knowledge 184 Population dynamics 202 Global warming isn’t a of the natural order become chaotic prediction. It is happening Organisms and their when the rate of Global warming environment reproduction soars Chaotic population change 204 Living matter is the most 167 Plants live on a different powerful geological force timescale 185 To visualize the big The biosphere The foundations of picture, take a plant ecology distant view 206 The system of nature Macroecology Biomes 168 The causes of differences among plants 186 A population 210 We take nature’s services Climate and vegetation of populations for granted because we Metapopulations don’t pay for them A holistic view of Earth 188 Organisms change and construct the 212 Plate tectonics is not all world in which havoc and destruction they live Moving continents Niche construction and evolution 190 Local communities that 214 Life changes Earth exchange colonists to its own purposes Metacommunities The Gaia hypothesis US_006-011_Contents_Foreword.indd 8 12/11/2018 17:34