Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page i The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914 Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page ii ThE CalifoRnia WoRld hisToRy libRaRy EditedbyEdmundburkeiii,KennethPomeranz,andPatriciaseed 1. TheUnendingFrontier:EnvironmentalHistoryoftheEarlyModernWorld,byJohnf. Richards 2. MapsofTime:AnIntroductiontoBigHistory,bydavidChristian 3. TheGravesofTarim:GenealogyandMobilityacrosstheIndianOcean,byEngsengho 4. ImperialConnections:IndiaintheIndianOceanArena,1860—1920,byThomasR.Metcalf 5. ManyMiddlePassages:ForcedMigrationandtheMakingoftheModernWorld,editedby EmmaChristopher,CassandraPybus,andMarcusRediker 6. DomesticatingtheWorld:AfricanConsumerismandtheGenealogiesofGlobalization,by JeremyPrestholdt 7. ServantsoftheDynasty:PalaceWomeninWorldHistory,editedbyanneWalthall 8. IslandWorld:AHistoryofHawai‘iandtheUnitedStates,byGaryy.okihiro 9. TheEnvironmentandWorldHistory,editedbyEdmundburkeiiiandKennethPomeranz 10.PineappleCulture:AHistoryoftheTropicalandTemperateZones,byGaryy.okihiro 11.ThePilgrimArt:CultureofPorcelaininWorldHistory,byRobertfinlay 12.TheQuestfortheLostNation:WritingHistoryinGermanyandJapanintheAmerican Century,bysebastianConrad,translatedbyalannothnagle 13.TheEasternMediterraneanandtheMakingofGlobalRadicalism,1860–1914,byilham Khuri-Makdisi 14.TheOtherWest:LatinAmericafromInvasiontoGlobalization,byMarcelloCarmagnani 15.Mediterraneans:NorthAfrica,Europe,andtheOttomanEmpireinanAgeofMigration, c.1800–1900,byJuliaClancy-smith 16.HistoryandtheTestimonyofLanguage,byChristopherEhret 17.FromtheIndianOceantotheMediterranean:CirculationandtheGlobalTradeNetworks fromNewJulfa,Isfahan,1605–1747,bysebouhdavidaslanian Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page iii The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914 ilham Khuri-Makdisi UnivERsiTy of CalifoRnia PREss Berkeley LosAngeles London Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page iv UniversityofCaliforniaPress,oneofthemostdistinguisheduniversity pressesintheUnitedstates,enricheslivesaroundtheworldbyadvancing scholarshipinthehumanities,socialsciences,andnaturalsciences.its activitiesaresupportedbytheUCPressfoundationandbyphilanthropic contributionsfromindividualsandinstitutions.formoreinformation, visitwww.ucpress.edu. UniversityofCaliforniaPress berkeleyandlosangeles,California UniversityofCaliforniaPress,ltd. london,England ©2010byTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia libraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdata Khuri-Makdisi,ilham. TheEasternMediterraneanandthemakingofglobalradicalism,1860– 1914/ilhamKhuri-Makdisi. p. cm. includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-0-520-26201-0(cloth:alk.paper) 1. Radicalism—Egypt—Cairo—history. 2. Radicalism—Egypt— alexandria—history. 3. Radicalism—lebanon—beirut—history. 4. Cairo(Egypt)—history. 5. alexandria(Egypt)—history. 6. beirut (lebanon)—history. i. Title. hn786.c3k48 2010 303.48'4095609034—dc22 2009035397 ManufacturedintheUnitedstatesofamerica 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ThisbookisprintedonCascadesEnviro100,a100%postconsumerwaste, recycled,de-inkedfiber.fsCrecycledcertifiedandprocessedchlorinefree. itisacidfree,Ecologocertified,andmanufacturedbybioGasenergy. Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page v ToNouhadandKamalMakdisi Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page vi Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page vii Contents Acknowledgments ix introduction 1 1. Thelatenineteenth-centuryWorldandtheEmergence ofaGlobalRadicalCulture 15 2. TheNahba,thePress,andtheConstructionanddissemination ofaRadicalWorldview 35 3. TheaterandRadicalPoliticsinbeirut,Cairo,andalexandria1860–1914 60 4. TheConstructionofTwoRadicalnetworksinbeirutandalexandria 94 5. Workers,laborUnrest,andtheformulationanddissemination ofRadicalleftistideas 135 Conclusion:deprovincializingtheEasternMediterranean 165 Appendix 173 Notes 175 Bibliography 241 Index 263 Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page viii Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page ix Acknowledgments asthelongodysseyofconceiving,researching,andcompletingthisbookiscom- ingtoanend,iwouldliketothankanumberofindividualsandinstitutionswhose helpandsupporthavebeencrucialatvariousstepsofthisproject.Thisbookfirst beganasadissertation,andfirstthanksareduetomygraduateadvisorandmem- bersofmydissertationcommitteeatharvardUniversity’sCenterforMiddleEast- ernstudiesandthehistorydepartment:mymentor,CemalKafadar,forhisin- spiration, intellectual stimulus, encouragement to think outside the box, and unfailingfaithinme;Rogerowenforsharingsomeofhisimmenseknowledgeof thefieldwithmeandaskingeye-openingandcrucialquestionsthatforcedmeto thinkthroughmyideaswithgreaterrigor;andsusanMillerforsharingherloveof andexpertiseinurbanhistoryandprovidingmewithunwaveringsupport.iam alsoeternallygratefultothelateŞinasiTekinforpatientlytutoringmeinottoman Turkish,andtobillGranaraforhisfriendshipandsupportovertheyears.Thanks arealsoduetolaurasaltzandthedissertationsupportgroup,andtoKathyduffin atharvardUniversity’sWritingCenter.iwouldalsoliketothanktheCenterfor MiddleEasternstudiesforprovidingmewithadissertationresearchgrantandsum- merwritinggrantsandnominatingmeforaforeignlanguageareastudiesgrant mylastyearofwritingthedissertation. Researchforthisbookwasconductedinanumberofmuch-lovedcitiesandmade possiblethankstothekindnessandhelpofvariouspeople:inbeirut,thestaffat theGreekorthodoxarchivesandtheMaronitebishopric,thelebanesenational archivesinhamra,theaUbarchives,thebeirutPortarchives,theMaqasid,and thePatriarchalschool;inCairo,thestaffatdaral-Kutubanddaral-Wathaiq,the libraryattheCollègesainte-famille,andthestaffattheCEdEJandattheaUC ix Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page x x acknowledgments special Collection library; in alexandria, the wonderfully friendly staff at the alexandriaMunicipallibrary,whoprovidedmewithanunforgettableworkenvi- ronment,andthearchivistsofthesyrianorthodoxChurch,whokindlygranted meaccesstotheirmaterial.Mythankstothestaffatthebaşbakanlıkarchivesin istanbulandtheMinisterodegliaffariEsteriinRome,andtotheemployeesatthe PRoinKew.finally,mydeepestgratitudegoestothestaffatWidenerlibraryat harvard,especiallytothoseatthePhilipsReadingRoom,whichservedasmyhome awayfromhomeformanyyears.iamalsoforevergratefulfortheheartwarming hospitalityofdanasajdi,shahabahmed,MalakWahba,haniluqa,andRajaadal in Cairo; the yammine family in alexandria; Zeynep yürekli, dilek hanım, aslı niyazioğlu, and Giancarlo Casale in istanbul; and andrea d’avella and Maura MezzettiinRome.ithankthemallfortheirfriendshipovertheyears. MythanksalsogotomydepartmentandcolleaguesatnortheasternUniversity, especiallytomychair,laurafrader,aswellastomycolleaguesKateluongoand denissullivan,whoseencouragementandsupporthavebeenvitalovertheyears. iwouldliketothankthehistorydepartment’sgraduatestudentsfortheirstimu- lating discussions over seminar tables and in my office of matters pertaining to Mediterraneanhistoriographyandglobalmigration.iamgratefultotheprovost’s officeforgrantingmeaResearchandscholarshipdevelopmentfund,whichal- lowedforarchivalresearchinsummer2005.iwasalsoextremelyprivilegedtore- ceiveaWissenschaftskollegzuberlin’saKMEfellowship(2005–6),whichprovided mewiththeopportunitytoworkonmybook.iwishtothankmycolleaguesatthe ZMoinberlin,particularlyUlrikefreitagforhostingmeanddyalahamzahfor verystimulatingdiscussions,aswellasforherfriendship.Thesameappliestomy friendsandcolleaguesatWiko:hanyhanafy,Christinehoffmann,GeorgesKhalil, anddanasajdi.Eachoneofthemknowshowindebtediamtothem,andithank themfromthebottomofmyheartfortheirintellectualcomplicity,academichelp, friendship,andlove. iamdeeplyindebtedtoallthepeoplewhoreadpartsorallofthemanuscriptat variousstagesofitsexistenceandprovidedinvaluableadvice:dianaabouali,Cemil aydın,nancybaker,saharbazzaz,Walidbitar,JuliaClancy-smith,shirinehama- deh,dyalahamzah,Zachlockman,KamalMakdisi,danasajdi,RhettaWiley,and sibelZandi-sayek.nowordscanadequatelyexpresswhatioweintellectuallyto EdmundburkeiiiandUssamaMakdisi,bothofwhomreadentiredraftsmorethan onceandmadeverysubstantialandhelpfulsuggestions.iamalsoparticularlygrate- fultoElizabethangell,whohelpedmeconsiderablywithchapter1andeditedother partsofthefinaldraft.iwouldalsoliketothankthetwoanonymousreviewersat theUniversityofCaliforniaPressfortheircomments,aswellasnielshooper,nick arrivo,Cindyfulton,andJudithhooverfortheirsplendideditorialworkandsee- ingthisbookthroughtocompletion. Thecommentsandquestionsireceivedfromgraduatestudentsandcolleagues