PalgraveStudiesinInternationalRelations GeneralEditors: Knud Erik Jørgensen, Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark AudieKlotz,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,MaxwellSchoolofCitizenshipand PublicAffairs,SyracuseUniversity,USA PalgraveStudiesinInternationalRelations,producedinassociationwiththeECPR Standing Group for International Relations, will provide students and scholars withthebesttheoreticallyinformedscholarshipontheglobalissuesofourtime. EditedbyKnudErikJørgensenandAudieKlotz,thisnewbookserieswillcom- prise cutting-edge monographs and edited collections which bridge schools of thoughtandcrosstheboundariesofconventionalfieldsofstudy. Titlesinclude: PamiAalto,VilhoHarleandSamiMoisio(editors) INTERNATIONALSTUDIES InterdisciplinaryApproaches MathiasAlbert,Lars-ErikCedermanandAlexanderWendt(editors) NEWSYSTEMSTHEORIESOFWORLDPOLITICS RobertAyson HEDLEYBULLANDTHEACCOMMODATIONOFPOWER BarryBuzanandAnaGonzalez-Pelaez(editors) INTERNATIONALSOCIETYANDTHEMIDDLEEAST EnglishSchoolTheoryattheRegionalLevel ToniErskineandRichardNedLebow(editors) TRAGEDYANDINTERNATIONALRELATIONS StefanoGuzziniandIverB.Neumann(editors) THEDIFFUSIONOFPOWERINGLOBALGOVERNANCE InternationalPoliticalEconomyMeetsFoucault GeirHønneland BORDERLANDRUSSIANS Identity,NarrativeandInternationalRelations OliverKessler,RodneyBruceHall,CeceliaLynchand NicholasG.Onuf(editors) ONRULES,POLITICSANDKNOWLEDGE FriedrichKratochwil,InternationalRelations,andDomesticAffairs PierreP.Lizée AWHOLENEWWORLD ReinventingInternationalStudiesforthePost-WesternWorld HansMorgenthau(editorsHartmutBehrandFelixRösch) THECONCEPTOFTHEPOLITICAL CorneliaNavari(editor) THEORISINGINTERNATIONALSOCIETY EnglishSchoolMethods DirkPeters CONSTRAINEDBALANCING:THEEU’SSECURITYPOLICY LindaQuayle SOUTHEASTASIAANDTHEENGLISHSCHOOLOFINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ARegion-TheoryDialogue SimonReich GLOBALNORMS,AMERICANSPONSORSHIPANDTHEEMERGINGPATTERNS OFWORLDPOLITICS RobbieShilliam GERMANTHOUGHTANDINTERNATIONALRELATIONS TheRiseandFallofaLiberalProject DanielaTepe THEMYTHABOUTGLOBALCIVILSOCIETY DomesticPoliticstoBanLandmines DanielC.Thomas(editor) MAKINGEUFOREIGNPOLICY NationalPreferences,EuropeanNormsandCommonPolicies RensvanMunster SECURITIZINGIMMIGRATION ThePoliticsofRiskintheEU PalgraveStudiesInInternationalRelationsSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–20063–0(hardback) 978–0–230–24115–2(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNsquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England The Diffusion of Power in Global Governance International Political Economy Meets Foucault Editedby Stefano Guzzini SeniorResearcher,DanishInstituteforInternationalStudies,Copenhagen,Denmark, andProfessorofGovernment,UppsalaUniversity,Sweden and Iver B. Neumann ResearchDirector,NorwegianInstituteofInternationalAffairs,Oslo,Norway ISBN 978-1-349-33780-4 ISBN 978-1-137-28355-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137283559 Editorialmatterandselection©StefanoGuzziniandIverB.Neumann2012 Allchapters©respectiveauthors2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-30277-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2012by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Contents ListofTablesandFigures vii Preface viii ListofContributors ix 1 TheAmbivalent‘DiffusionofPower’inGlobal Governance 1 StefanoGuzzini 2 PrivateMilitaryandSecurityCompanies,Territorialityand theTransformationofWesternSecurityGovernance 38 ElkeKrahmann 3 IntellectualPropertyGovernance:TheEmergenceofa NewandContestedGlobalRegime 71 ValbonaMuzaka 4 NodalGovernance:TheDiffusionofPowerinGlobal ForestGovernanceNetworks 91 KathleenMcNuttandJeremyRayner 5 TheLimitsofTransnationalPrivateGovernance 118 Jean-ChristopheGrazandAndreasNölke 6 BankersGoverningtheEnvironment?PrivateAuthority, PowerDiffusionandtheUnitedNationsEnvironment ProgrammeFinanceInitiative 141 SusanPark 7 DiscipliningtheInternationalPoliticalEconomythrough Finance 172 JakobVestergaard 8 TheDiffusionofPowerandtheInternational‘Discovery’ of‘Diasporas’ 203 RahelKunz v vi Contents 9 PatternsofGlobalGovernmentalityandSovereignty 229 TanjaE.Aalberts 10 Conclusion:AnEmergingGlobalPolity 256 IverB.Neumann Index 264 Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Approachestogovernanceandtheirproblematiques 28 2.1 Domesticsecurityproviders2007–2008 42 2.2 Internationalsecuritycompanies 45 2.3 Internationalinterventions 46 4.1 ForestryVirtualPolicyNetworkinboundlinkstonetwork websites 104 4.2 ForestryandclimatechangeVirtualPolicyNetwork inboundlinkstonetworkwebsites 107 4.3 ForestryVirtualPolicyNetworkwebsitecentralization 110 4.4 ForestryandclimatechangeVirtualPolicyNetwork websitecentralization 110 6.1 Top20banksworldwideFY2008bymarketcapitalization andenvironmentalcodes,standardsandinitiatives signed 144 6.2 Environmentalcodes,standardsandorganizationssigned byUNEP-FIsignatories 158 7.1 Overviewofstandardsof‘bestpractice’ 190 7.2 Typesofactorsinthestandard-settingprocess 191 7.3 AgentsinIFAstandard-setting 193 Figures 2.1 Britishsecurityindustryturnover 44 4.1 ForestryVirtualPolicyNetwork 103 4.2 Forestryandclimatechange 106 6.1 NumberofUNEP-FIsignatoriesthathavesignedother initiatives 159 6.2 NumberofenvironmentinitiativesthatUNEP-FI signatorieshavejoined 159 7.1 RewardandpunishmentintheIFA 183 vii Preface This volume originated at an ECPR joint workshop session in Lisbon, Portugal, in April 2009. We sought to provide a forum for researchers who shared a wider understanding of governance as including aspects of structural power and informal rule, where they could meet and dis- cuss for almost a week. One of the core concerns of the workshop was to encourage more debate between scholars working within the fields of international political economy (IPE) and Foucauldian stud- ies. We remain grateful to the participants for engaging in this not always frictionless exercise. Since concepts acquire their meaning from the theories in which they are embedded, our debates required run- ning simultaneous theoretical translations, as well as some theoretical multilingualism. However painful they may be, such translations offer thepossibilityoftrenchantcriticismcombinedwiththeenrichmentof one’sownandotherpeople’sapproaches,becausetheyprovideacritical anglethatisbothinternalandexternal.Translationsthusbecomepart of another language, even while they remain part of the voice of the originatinglanguage. Notallofthepaperscouldbeselectedforthisvolume,andsome,duly revised, have been published elsewhere (Nik Rajkovic in the European Journal of International Relations; Jason Sharman in International Stud- ies Quarterly). We also went on to invite scholars to cover the issue of private governance and apply Foucault directly to IPE (see chapters by GrazandNölke,andVestergaard).Wehopethatthisvolume,withitsby nowthoroughlyreworkedchapters,willbegintosucceedinredirecting theanalysisofgovernanceawayfromitscurrenttooexclusivefocuson questionsofsteering. Running this workshop together was also a good experience for us. By the time this volume appears, we will have known each other for 20years,havingmetforthefirsttimein1992attheinauguralStanding Group of International Relations conference in Heidelberg, Germany. Over the years, we have kept up our very own IPE-meets-Foucault conversation, usually over meals in Florence (Italy), Oslo (Norway) or Copenhagen(Denmark).Itwasgood,finally,toco-publish. StefanoGuzziniandIverNeumann January2012,CopenhagenandOslo viii Contributors Tanja E. Aalberts is a senior research fellow at the Free University, Amsterdam,theNetherlands. Jean-Christophe Graz is Professor of International Relations at the UniversityofLausanne,Switzerland. StefanoGuzziniisaseniorresearcherattheDanishInstituteforInter- nationalStudies,Copenhagen,Denmark,andProfessorofGovernment, UppsalaUniversity,Sweden. Elke Krahmann is Professor of Security Studies at Brunel University, London,UK. Rahel Kunz is a lecturer in international relations at the University of Lausanne,Switzerland. Kathleen McNutt is an associate professor at the University of Regina, Canada. ValbonaMuzakaisaseniorlecturerininternationalpoliticaleconomy atKing’sCollege,London,UK. Iver B. NeumannisDirectorofResearchattheNorwegianInstituteof InternationalAffairs,Oslo. AndreasNölkeisProfessorofPoliticalScienceattheJohannWolfgang Goethe-UniversitätFrankfurtamMain,Germany. Susan Park is a senior lecturer in the Department of Government and InternationalRelations,UniversityofSydney,Australia. Jeremy Rayner is a professor and Centennial Research Chair at the Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan,Canada. Jakob Vestergaard is a senior researcher at the Danish Institute for InternationalStudies,Copenhagen,Denmark. ix