Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research Demetris Demetriou The Development of an Integrated Planning and Decision Support System (IPDSS) for Land Consolidation Springer Theses Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8790 Aims and Scope The series ‘‘Springer Theses’’ brings together a selection of the very best Ph.D. theses from around the world and across the physical sciences. Nominated and endorsed by two recognized specialists, each published volume has been selected for its scientific excellence and the high impact of its contents for the pertinent fieldofresearch.Forgreateraccessibilitytonon-specialists,thepublishedversions includeanextendedintroduction,aswellasaforewordbythestudent’ssupervisor explaining the special relevance of the work for the field. As a whole, the series will provide a valuable resource both for newcomers to the research fields described, and for other scientists seeking detailed background information on specialquestions.Finally,itprovidesanaccrediteddocumentationofthevaluable contributions made by today’s younger generation of scientists. Theses are accepted into the series by invited nomination only and must fulfill all of the following criteria • They must be written in good English. • ThetopicshouldfallwithintheconfinesofChemistry,Physics,EarthSciences, Engineering andrelatedinterdisciplinaryfieldssuchasMaterials, Nanoscience, Chemical Engineering, Complex Systems and Biophysics. • The work reported in the thesis must represent a significant scientific advance. • Ifthethesisincludespreviouslypublishedmaterial,permissiontoreproducethis must be gained from the respective copyright holder. • They must have been examined and passed during the 12 months prior to nomination. • Each thesis should include a foreword by the supervisor outlining the signifi- cance of its content. • The theses should have a clearly defined structure including an introduction accessible to scientists not expert in that particular field. Demetris Demetriou The Development of an Integrated Planning and Decision Support System (IPDSS) for Land Consolidation Doctoral Thesis accepted by the University of Leeds, UK 123 Author Supervisors Dr. Demetris Demetriou Prof.Dr. JohnStillwell School ofGeography School ofGeography Universityof Leeds Universityof Leeds Leeds, LS29JT Leeds, LS29JT UK UK Dr. LindaSee Ecosystems Servicesand Management Program International InstituteforApplied Systems Analysis Schlossplatz 1,A-2361 Laxenburg Austria ISSN 2190-5053 ISSN 2190-5061 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-02346-5 ISBN 978-3-319-02347-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02347-2 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013948368 (cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Partsofthisthesishavebeenpublishedinthefollowingpeerreviewedjournal articles/conference books: Demetriou,D.,Stillwell,J.,See,L.,2011.LandSpaCES:ASpatialExpertSystem for Land Consolidation. In: Geertman, S., Reinhardt, W., Toppen, F., (eds.), Advancing Geo-information Science for a Changing World, Springer-Verlag BerlinHeidelberg,249–274.(WithkindpermissionofSpringerScience+Business Media) Demetriou,D.,Stillwell,J.andSee,L.,2012a.LandconsolidationinCyprus:Why is an integrated planning and decision support system required? Land Use Policy 29(1), 131–142. (With the kind permission from Elsevier) Demetriou, D., Stillwell, J. and See, L., 2012b. An Integrated Planning and Decision Support System (IPDSS) for land consolidation: theoretical framework and application of the land redistribution modules. Environment and Planning B: PlanningandDesign,39(4),609–628.(WithkindpermissionofPionLtd,London; www.pion.co.uk and www.envplan.com) Demetriou, D., See, L., Stillwell, J., 2012c. A spatial multi-criteria model for the evaluation of land redistribution plans. ISPRS International Journal of Geo- Information, 1, 272–293. doi: 10.3390/ijgi1030272 Demetriou, D., 2013. LACONISS: A Land Consolidation Integrated Support System for planning and decision making. zfv, Journal of Geodesy, Geoinforma- tion and Land Management, 2, 119–131. Demetriou,D.,See,L.,Stillwell,J.,2013a.AParcelShapeIndexforUseinLand Consolidation Planning. Transactions in GIS, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9671. 2012.01371.x. (With the kind permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd) Demetriou, D., Stillwell, J. and See, L., 2013b. A New Methodology for MeasuringLandFragmentation.Computers,EnvironmentandUrbanSystems,39, 71–80. (With the kind permission from Elsevier) Demetriou, D., Stillwell, J., See, L., 2013c. LACONISS: A planning support system for land consolidation. . In: Geertman, S.,Stillwell, J., Toppen, F., (eds.), Planning Support Systems for Sustainable Urban Development, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 73–90. (With kind permission of Springer Science+Business Media) Demetriou, D., See, L., Stillwell, J., 2013d. A spatial genetic algorithm for automating land partitioning. International Journal of Geographical Information Science (In press), (with the kind permission from Taylor and Francis, www.tandfonline.com). This thesis is dedicated to my wife and children, and to my mother and late father Supervisors’ Foreword Landfragmentationisamajorprobleminmanycountriesaroundtheworldsinceit may hinder rational agricultural development and sustainable rural development. Land consolidation, the popular land management approach for solving land fragmentation, is currently implemented in the majority of EU countries and in many other parts of the world. The research reported in this book focuses on the designanddevelopmentoflandconsolidationplanningsupportsystemcomprised offour modules: LandFragmentS measures land fragmentation in an agricultural context; LandSpaCES Design automates land redistribution; LandSpaCES Eval- uation assesses alternative land redistribution plans and; LandParcelS automates land partitioning. These four modules compose LACONISS, a prototype LAnd CONsolidation Integrated Support System for planning and decision making that integrates GIS, artificial intelligence techniques including both expert systems (ES) and genetic algorithms (GAs) and multi-criteria decision methods (MCDM) thatinvolvemanyattributesandobjectives.Thewholesystemhasbeenappliedto a case study area in Cyprus. The original contribution of this research focuses on land consolidation plan- ning both in terms of theory and practice, by discovering new knowledge and by developingbettertoolsandmethodsbasedonanintegratedGISplatform.Interms oftheory,thecontributionconcernsnewmethodologiesandmodelsfor:measuring land fragmentation in a more reliable and efficient manner; automating land redistribution by successfully emulating human reasoning that easily and rapidly provides the generation of alternative solutions; evaluating land redistribution plansinaflexiblewaybycombiningacomprehensivesetofcriteriawithvarying weights; and automating land partitioning by satisfactorily optimising shape, size and the land value of parcels simultaneously. In terms of practice, LACONISS may significantly alleviate current problems apparent in the process by: reducing thetimeneededforcarryingoutlandreallocationandtherelatedoperationalcosts through automation, efficiency and systematisation; tackling conflicts of interest viaensuringequity,transparencyandstandardisationoftheprocess;andproviding detailedlandreallocationoutputsthatcanbethebasicinputsforexanteevaluation of land consolidation projects as required by European Union rural policy. The broader contribution of the research concerns the fields of spatial decision making, spatial optimisation, spatial systems analysis, shape analysis and space partitioning because it provides new methods and ideas that could be applied to ix x Supervisors’Foreword other spatial problems that fall in these methodologies. In particular, innovations focus on: the method of integration of expert knowledge within GIS without utilising an inference engine; the method of utilising multi-attribute decision makingnotonlyintheclassicalway(forevaluatingalternativesolutions)butalso for measuring the performance of an existing spatial system (land tenure system) and the quality of a spatial object (parcel shape) compared with an ideal system and an optimum object, respectively; a new formula for measuring the dispersion of spatial units represented by points in space that may be influenced by relevant policies; a new method for assigning weights to particular criteria; a new method for normalising values of a variable and the integration of a single and multi- objective genetic algorithm with a GIS for optimisation of space partitioning, guided through the use of Thiessen polygons. Leeds, UK, July 2013 John Stillwell Linda See Acknowledgments This research has been completed with the help and support of numerous people for whom I am extremely grateful. First, I would to give huge thanks from my hearttomysupervisors,Prof.JohnStillwellandDr.LindaSee,whotrustedmeto undertake this work while living in my country and tirelessly studied and edited reallyvastquantitiesofmaterialproducedoverthelastfouryears.Theirfeedback, advice and guidance after long discussions were invaluable and superior, which made this effort a fruitful, productive and wonderful adventure. In addition, the financialsupportprovidedtomethroughtheirresearchbudgets,forvisitingLeeds and attending training and conferences abroad to present different parts of this workwasalsoextremelybeneficialandofferedmegreatexperiences.Finally,and alsoimportantisthefactthatIhadthefortunetocooperatenotonlywithtwogreat academics but also with two wonderful people. I also thank very much the two remaining members of my research support group, Prof. Graham Clarke and Dr. Steve Carver who always provided con- structive feedback and comments during the relevant meetings. I also appreciate thehelpprovidedbyDr.AndyEvansregardingprogrammingissues.Inaddition,I amgratefultoAlisonMansonwhocarefullyrecreatedseveralfigurespresentedin this thesis and the relevant papers. Thanks also are due to the administrative staff of the School of Geography who was always very kind, informative and helpful. Further to people at Leeds, thanks are owed to my employer, i.e. the Land Consolidation Department in Cyprus, which kindly provided the data for the case studyarea.Iwouldliketoalsothankthestaffinvolvedinpreparinganddiscussing the case study data. In addition, thanks go to Mr. Andreas Christofis (past Senior TechnicalSuperintendent),whodevelopedthecurrentlandconsolidationsoftware implemented by the Department, for his useful help regarding programming issues. I would also like to thank many other land consolidation experts who participated in various discussions and interviews regarding the development of the system and who provided fruitful suggestions and advice. I am also very grateful to all those anonymous people involved in discussions regarding my questions which were addressed in relevant GIS development support forums (of ESRIandGISStackExchange)thatunstuckmeseveraltimesfromprogramming problems. xi