AEROSPACE PROPULSION FROM INSECTS TO SPACEFLIGHT Ulf Olsson Volvo Aero Corporation Vice president Technology (ret) Olsson,Ulf Aerospace Propulsion from Insects to Spaceflight Copyright © 2006 by Volvo Aero Corporation PREFACE FROM COMPEDUHPT The “Computerized Education in Heat and Power Technology” (=CompEduHPT) platform is designed as a fully electronic learning and teaching platform for the field of Heat and Power Technology. The project is a joint collaboration between persons involved in any aspects of heat and power plant designs in a broad perspective, including also any other kind of energy conversion, around the world. The cluster is open to anyone who either contributes directly with learning and/or teaching material or who is willing to sponsor the development of the material in any other way. Although all the “electronic books” existing in the project are available inside the “CompEduHPT”-platform there has been a wish from users as well as contributors that some of the books should also be available in printed form, at a very reasonable price. This “Lecture Series” is the outcome of this wish. It is obvious that the CompEduHPT-platform, and its accompanying Lecture Series, would not have appeared without the significant interest in the project from all the CompEduHPT Cluster partners worldwide. As initiator of the project I express my sincere thanks to all my colleagues who have been willing to share their hard-earned experience and learning/teaching material for the benefit of “learners” around the world. I am also very grateful to all the students (undergraduate as well as graduate) who have helped us to develop the CompEduHPT-material to what it has become and where it is heading. Needless to say that although the project would have started without these persons, it would never have reached the present state without their hard work. Furthermore, the ideas and enthusiasm from these persons have indicated that the vision of a fully interactive learning material corresponds to a future demand in the perspective of the life- long learning. I am also very grateful to the different organizations and companies who have sponsored the work in various ways and at different times. I hope that some of the results may be useful also to them. The book “Aerospace Propulsion from Insects to Spaceplanes” has been written by Dr. Ulf Olsson at the Volvo Aero, Sweden. It is based on course material that Dr Olsson has been teaching at several places around the world over a number of years. It is with great pleasure that we include this so far unpublished material in the CompEduHPT Lecture Series. Although Dr Olsson has graciously agreed to share this material with the CompEduHPT-platform he is the sole owner of the material and retains all copyright and responsibility for it. Torsten Fransson Initiator of CompEduHPT-platform AEROSPACE PROPULSION I PREFACE This book is an introduction to the theory and history of aerospace propulsion. It describes how this specific technology has reached its present form and how it may develop in the future. To understand the technical parts, the reader is assumed to know about thermodynamics and aerodynamics at university level but no prior knowledge of aerospace propulsion technologies is required. For those wishing to go directly to the mathematics, a number of calculation schemes are given in the text as Appendices to various Chapters. They make it possible to write computer programs for performance estimates of the various types of engines. A number of exercises are included at the end of the different chapters. Solutions to the examples are provided in a separate Chapter at the end of the book together with the relevant equations being used. This can be used as a short handbook to the most important equations. For the reader specifically interested in the history of propulsion, a separate guide to the main topics and the most famous names is given under Contents below. Historical notes are also underlined in the text to be easily located. Ulf Olsson January 2006 II AEROSPACE PROPULSION AEROSPACE PROPULSION III CONTENTS Preface 0. Introduction Page 1 1. Archimedes and the Montgolfiers 5 2. Newton and the reaction principle 11 3. The insects and the power of flight 23 4. Birds and the lifting wing 39 5. The evolution of the fixed wing aircraft 71 6. The golden age of the propeller 93 7. The jet engine arrives 135 8. The bypass engine and the revolution in air travel 175 9. Economy and ecology as new limits 203 10. The future civil aircraft 233 11. The thermodynamic design of a civil jet engine 267 12. Turbo machinery design for the civil jet engine 307 13. Advanced cycles 355 14. Military aircraft 389 15. Design of a military engine 411 16. Off design and variable cycles 447 17. The limits of the turbojet engine 483 18. Ramjets and scramjets 525 19. Rocket engines 555 20. Combined engines 585 21. Rockets and spaceplanes 609 22. Interplanetary flight 631 23. Future propulsion systems 667 24. Answers to the exercises 695 IV AEROSPACE PROPULSION Appendices 4. Micro Air Vehicle Page 69 10. Civil aircraft 264 11. Thermodynamic design of a New Civil Engine 299 12. Mechanical design of jet engines 342 13. Advanced cycle engine 385 14. Military aircraft thrust requirements 408 15. Military engine design calculations 439 16. Off-Design of a military engine 477 17. Turboramjet calculation scheme 512 Equations for the performance of ramjets, scramjets and pulse detonation engines are given in Chapter 18 and for rocket engines in Chapter 19. Performance estimates for combined engines for spaceplanes are treated in Chapter 20. AEROSPACE PROPULSION V Historical Notes Man's passion to fly….prehistoric times Page 1 The 21st of November 1783...the Montgolfiers 6 The action-reaction principle…Heron 12 The rockets appeared....the Chinese 14 One day in 17th century England ..Isaac Newton 15 The first attempt to fly...a Roman magician 18 The first appearance of winged insects 23 In 1738, hydrodynamics and Daniel Bernoulli 25 Bumblebees could not fly 33 The humming bird..nature’s giant 37 Bats are the only mammals ever to fly 39 Birds go one step further 41 Leonardo da Vinci ..studies of birds 53 Legends of giant birds..the limits to size 55 George Cayley …inventing the aircraft 1799 72 Early pioneers ….Henson & Stringfellow 73 Otto Lilienthal experimenting with wings 75 Orville and Wilbur Wright, from Dayton, Ohio 83 The propeller…an old invention 86 About 1660, the internal combustion engine 87 Charles Lindbergh landed at Le Bourget 1927 93 The first commercial airline 1910 in Germany 95 Joukowski….basic studies of wings 97 Ludwieg Prandtl …the aeronautical scientist 102 “The Spirit of St. Louis" 108 Amelia Earhart first woman over the Atlantic 110 In the 1930’s, the aircraft reached its present form 112 The inability of the propeller to provide speed 116 Adjustable blades… Frank Caldwell 120 Isaac Newton …the speed of sound 125