Descendants of Anthony Watson Charles E. G. Pease Pennyghael Isle of Mull Descendants of Anthony Watson 1-Anthony Watson Anthony married someone. He had one son: Joshua. 2-Joshua Watson, son of Anthony Watson, was born on 10 Sep 1672 in Huntwell, Northumberland and died on 14 Jun 1757 at age 84. Joshua married Ann Rutter on 16 Dec 1697 in Rounton, Yorkshire. Ann was born on 19 Feb 1679 in Busby, Yorkshire and died on 14 Nov 1726 at age 47. They had seven children: Mary, Sarah, Hugh, Robert, Phebe, Deborah, and Joseph. 3-Mary Watson1,2 was born in 1700 in Huntwell, Northumberland. Mary married Appleby Bowron,1,2 son of Caleb Bowron2 and Anne Raine, on 17 Apr 1725 in Cotherstone, Barnard Castle, County Durham. Appleby was born on 18 Mar 1700 in Cotherstone, Barnard Castle, County Durham. They had four children: Joshua, Caleb, Mary, and Elizabeth. Noted events in his life were: • He had a residence in Cotherstone, Barnard Castle, County Durham. • He worked as a Husbandman in Cotherstone, Barnard Castle, County Durham. 4-Joshua Bowron was born in 1726. Joshua married Frances Gallilee. They had one daughter: Hannah. 5-Hannah Bowron was born in 1753 in Darlington, County Durham and died in 1836 at age 83. Hannah married John Coates, son of Kay Coates and Ann, on 5 Nov 1776 in Staindrop, County Durham. John was born on 6 Jul 1759 and died in 1843 at age 84. They had ten children: Elizabeth, Mary, Hannah, Hannah, Frances, Bathsheba, William, Caleb, Joshua, and John. 6-Elizabeth Coates 6-Mary Coates 6-Hannah Coates 6-Hannah Coates 6-Frances Coates3 was born in 1782 in Darlington, County Durham and died on 29 Mar 1867 in Darlington, County Durham at age 85. 6-Bathsheba Coates 6-William Coates 6-Caleb Coates 6-Joshua Coates 6-John Coates 4-Caleb Bowron1,2,4 was born in 1728 and died in 1791 at age 63. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Weaver. Caleb married Margaret Simpson. Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 1 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson Caleb next married Hannah Fletcher1,2 in 1766. Hannah was born in 1741 and died in 1779 at age 38. They had four children: John, Joseph, Joshua, and Caleb. 5-John Bowron1,4 was born on 14 Apr 1769 in Cotherstone, Barnard Castle and died on 9 May 1851 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 82. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Grocer about 1800 in Stockton on Tees, County Durham. • He worked as a Miller operating the Billingham Mill in 1810 in Billingham, Stockton on Tees, County Durham. John married Ann Stephenson,1,4 daughter of Isaac Stephenson1,4,5,6 and Elizabeth Maire,1,5,6 in 1804. Ann was born on 4 Dec 1768 in Bridlington Quay, Yorkshire and died on 22 Jun 1835 at age 66. They had three children: John, Ann, and Elizabeth. 6-John Bowron1,4,7,8,9 was born on 24 Jul 1805 in Stockton on Tees, County Durham and died on 10 Mar 1841 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 35. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Grocer & Tea Dealer in Sunderland, County Durham. John married Eliza Binns,1,4,9,10 daughter of George Binns1,9 and Margaret Watson,1,9 in 1831. Eliza was born on 21 Dec 1807 in Sunderland, County Durham and died on 4 Jan 1861 in Bishopwearmouth, County Durham at age 53. They had seven children: Elizabeth, John George, Edward, Margaret Binns, Emma, Stephenson, and Sarah Maria. 7-Elizabeth Bowron4 was born on 22 Feb 1822 and died on 3 Oct 1863 at age 41. 7-John George Bowron4,11,12,13 was born on 6 Aug 1833 and died on 10 May 1878 in Bishopwearmouth, County Durham at age 44. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Grocer in Sunderland, County Durham. John married Ellen Ward Doeg,4,11 daughter of David Doeg1,3 and Mary Ann Macdonald,1,3 on 20 Jul 1864. Ellen was born in 1839 and died in 1924 at age 85. They had four children: Henry Edward, Albert, Frank, and Ida Helen. 8-Henry Edward Bowron4 was born on 7 Jun 1767. 8-Albert Bowron4,11 was born on 1 Aug 1870 and died on 22 Nov 1872 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 2. 8-Frank Bowron4,13 was born on 14 Oct 1872 and died on 17 Jul 1877 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 4. 8-Ida Helen Bowron4 was born on 16 Dec 1873. Noted events in her life were: • She was educated at Ackworth School in 1885-1889. • She had a residence in 199 Alderson Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. 7-Edward Bowron4 was born on 30 Apr 1835. 7-Margaret Binns Bowron4,8 was born on 7 Feb 1837 and died on 10 Jan 1864 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 26. 7-Emma Bowron4 was born on 10 Jul 1838. 7-Stephenson Bowron4,12 was born on 13 Sep 1839 and died on 15 Apr 1878 in Middlesbrough, Yorkshire at age 38. Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 2 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Hosier in Middlesbrough, Yorkshire. Stephenson married Elizabeth Sykes. They had two children: Eliza Ann and Arthur Stephenson. 8-Eliza Ann Bowron4 was born on 27 Nov 1869. Noted events in her life were: • She was educated at Ackworth School in 1881-1885. • She had a residence in 2 Vansittart Terrace, Coatham, Redcar, Yorkshire. 8-Arthur Stephenson Bowron4 was born on 20 Feb 1872. Noted events in his life were: • He was educated at Ackworth School in 1882-1887. • He had a residence in 2 Vansittart Terrace, Coatham, Redcar, Yorkshire. 7-Sarah Maria Bowron4,7 was born on 7 Apr 1841 and died on 15 Jul 1857 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 16. 6-Ann Bowron4 was born on 8 Mar 1807 and died on 19 Sep 1831 at age 24. 6-Elizabeth Bowron1,4,14 was born on 18 Aug 1810 in Billingham Mill, Billingham, Stockton on Tees, County Durham and died on 25 Jan 1855 in Sunderland, County Durham at age 44. Elizabeth married Henry Binns,1,4,10,15,16,17,18,19 son of George Binns1,9 and Margaret Watson,1,9 in 1836. Henry was born on 19 Jan 1810 in Sunderland, County Durham, died on 17 Jan 1880 in 62 Lansdowne Road, Croydon, Surrey at age 69, and was buried in FBG Croydon. They had 12 children: Henry, Rachel, Joseph John, Margaret Ann, Eliza, Emma, George, Charles, Edmund, George William, Alfred, and Arthur. General Notes: Henry Binns, Croydon. 70 17 1 mo. 1880 A Minister. Henry Binns was tlie son of George and Margaret Binns, and was born at Sunderland on the 19tli of First month, 1810. As a schoolboy' at Ackworth, he gave evidence of much wayward- ness of disposition, and often occasioned his masters much uneasiness. They, however, dealt wisely with him, and when he grew up to be one of the older boys he was appointed to an office of some trust, being told that it was not because his conduct had merited the appointment, but in the . hope that, in some appreciation of the confidence placed in him, he Vv^ould manifest more thought- fulness in his demeanour. It is believed that this judicious treatment had the desired effect. He was the eldest son in a family of fifteen children, and both his parents dying when he was still in early life much responsibility and care devolved upon him. As he grew up to manhood, he was brought under deep conviction for sin, and made powerfully to feel his need of a Saviour who could not only deliver him from the wTath to come, but also work out in his soul that change which should be to him a passing from death unto life. Thus brought to cry earnestly for mercy, he was by the grace of God led to the Saviour, and found in Him a way of deliverance and hope. But in the early years of his Christian course there was not a little evidence that he dwelt too much upon the terrors of the law, and perhaps vras thus kept back from seeing so clearly as he did in later life the wonders of the love of God in Jesus Christ our Lord. Hence during the earlier years of his service as a minister of the Gospel, upon which he entered when about fifty- five years old, his message was not so bright and winning as it afterwards came to be. Until the year 1865 he was engaged in the drapery business at Sunderland. At various times previous to this date he visited Croydon, where a married sister was residing ; and the conviction grew upon him that the Lord was calling him to take up his residence there ; frequently hearing, as he said, a voice saying listinctly to his spiritual ear, " Leave the land of thy nativity and go forth to Croydon." Yielding to this intimation of the will of the Lord, though nuch against his inclination, he removed with lis family to this place, and amongst new scenes, md in convenient proximity to our great metropolis with its teeming multitudes of poor and degraded, as well as rich and cultivated inhabitants, he found a sphere abounding with openings for service for the dear Saviour whose unutterable love now came to be the prevailing theme of his gospel message. It is believed that the altered circumstances of his life in leaving the North of England, and the new influences by which he was surrounded, largely contributed to the bringing about of this happy change in the tone of his spiritual life. During its remaining fifteen years his life was very much devoted to the service of the Lord in His Church. He often felt attracted in gospel love to pay pastoral visits in various parts of Great Britain ; and in 1869 he united with his friend William Eobinson in a visit of this character to some parts of the United States, embracing Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and to Canada. His health was not very robust at this time, and the fatigue of long-continued travel, as well as the roughness of living encountered, was sometimes trying to him ; yet as he went steadily forward with the work, he left behind him many hearts cheered and comforted by the loving messages he bore to them. In the testimony to his Christian character and worth which the friends of his Monthly Meeting have issued, tliey say :- " We would thankfully record the comfort and strength he has been to us during these fifteen years; his humble and watchful demeanour commending his religion to those around him, and his loving, self-denying spirit endearing him to a large circle of friends. His religious earnestness made him watchful to embrace all opportunities of influencing others for good. In the social circle, in the Bible class, in the mission meeting, and in our own meetings for worship and discipline, his faithfulness to his Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 3 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson Lord and Master mil long be remembered. As a [minister of the Gospel he was diligently engaged amongst us ; he was clear and forcible in the application of scripture truth, and earnest in pressing home on the hearts of his hearers the doctrine of salvation by our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Whilst tenderly conscious of his own imperfections, he could speak of the sufficiency of the grace of God for all the needs of His children ; and many have testified to the comfort and strength derived from his ministry, bearing evidence from its peculiar adaj^tation to their state, that it was exercised under the guidance of the Holy Spirit." Henry Binns had his share of trial and affliction. He was left a widower when his children were all young ; and, marrying again in later life, this second union lasted only two years. These and subsequent sore trials he bore with humble submission. Cast down by them, but not robbed of his faith in Him who causes all things to work together for good to them that love Him, as the world's sunshine grew dim, the light of the loving countenance of his Heavenly Father grew bright around him, and he knew the promise verified : - "As one whom his mother comforteth, so will I comfort thee." His last ilhiess was short but very painful. Having attended meeting at Croydon twice on First day, the 4th of First month, he was hoping to be present at the Quarterly Meeting in London on the following days ; but severe pain and sickness, accompanied with much prostration of strength, confined him to his bed, from which he never rose again. In the midst of his suffering his mind was stayed on his God, and he found the promise true,-" Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on Thee, because he trusteth in Thee." He loved to tell of the gracious dealings of the Lord with him, and to trace His faithfulness in answer to his prayers for help in his sickness. His thought often turned with loving interest to the friends of Croydon Meeting, and he dictated to them the following touching message within a few days of his death. " To my dear friends of Croydon Meeting : " Fifteen years ago it seemed said unto me, ' Leave the land of thy nativity and go forth to Croydon ;' and I came in faith, not knomng what there was to be done. I trust that He who sent me forth has from time to time, in His great love with which He has touched my lips, enabled me to speak of His lovingkindness and mercy, and to encourage those aroimd me to be coming up in faith and faithfulness, doing their part as co-workers with the manifold grace of God. My sendee here has been done, I know, ofttimes under a sense of great weakness on my part ; and yet in the very faithfulness of our God, he has enabled me to speak, and has been to me strength in weakness, riches in poverty, and a present help in time of need ; and in the power of His grace I have not failed to declare unto you, as ability was given, the whole counsel and manifold grace of God. Unto this grace I wish to commend you all, which is still all-sufficient for all purposes. " And now, brethren, I will afresh commend you to God, and to the word of His grace, which is able to build us up, and to give us an inheritance among all them that are sanctified.' May we through mercy obtain this glorious inheritance, every one of us, and be found at the last mingling together before the throne, singing the high praises of the Lamb of God who taketh away the sin of the world. Amen, and Amen ! " During the early part of his illness he felt, and sometimes expressed, a strong desire to recover, always however adding, " Thy will be done." But on First day, the 11th of First month, a great change was observed ; he became entirely resigned to the will of the Lord, and rejoiced in the prospect of going "to be with Christ which is far better." He asked to be propped up in bed that he might look out into the bright sunshine, saying, "The golden gates seem very glorious this morning, and I have been ready to think they are open for me. I think I begin to see the link in the chain which is leading me from earth to heaven." At this time he dictated a loving message to his relations, saying as he did so, " I want all the parents and the children, the sisters and the brothers, the fathers and the mothers, and the children's children,- I want them all to come,- ask them to come, - ask them with importunity to come to Jesus." On another occasion, when one of his children said, " What shall I do without thee ? " he looked up with a bright smile and said, '^ Oh, my dear child ! there will be Jesus left." Receiving a message of loving sympathy from a friend at a distance, he wished the reply to be sent that "like the beloved disciple he was trying to lean on Jesus' bosom, and striving to learn patience. With his feet thus firmly planted on the Rock of Ages, he was permitted to find the eternal God to be his refuge, and that underneath were His everlasting arms; until, on the 17th of First month, his spirit took its flight, to be "for ever with the Lord." Noted events in his life were: • He was educated at Ackworth School. • He was educated at Lawrence Street School (later to become Bootham School) in 1828 in York, Yorkshire. • He worked as a Draper in Sunderland, County Durham. • He worked as a Draper in 1865 in Croydon, Surrey. • He worked as a Quaker Minister in 1857 in Newcastle MM. 7-Sir Henry Binns1,4,20 was born on 27 Jun 1837 in Sunderland, County Durham and died in 1899 in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa at age 62. Noted events in his life were: • He was a Quaker. • He worked as a Premier of Natal in South Africa. • He had a residence in Umhlanga, Natal. Henry married Clara Acutt4 in 1861. Clara died in 1909 in Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. They had two children: Herbert and Percy. 8-Herbert Binns Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 4 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson 8-Percy Binns4 was born in 1862 and died in 1920 at age 58. 7-Rachel Binns was born in 1838 in Sunderland, County Durham and died in 1838 in Sunderland, County Durham. 7-Joseph John Binns4 was born on 14 Oct 1839 in Sunderland, County Durham and died in 1922 at age 83. Joseph married Rose Robinson,4 daughter of Samuel Woodward Robinson, in Mar 1874. Rose was born about 1843 and died in 1934 about age 91. They had four children: Aubrey Brian, Mary Phyllis, Geoffrey, and Christopher. 8-Aubrey Brian Binns4 was born on 14 Feb 1875 in Sunderland, County Durham. 8-Mary Phyllis Binns4 was born on 5 Feb 1877 in Sunderland, County Durham. Mary married Cecil Turner in 1903. Cecil was born in 1865. 8-Geoffrey Binns4 was born on 12 Jan 1879 in Sunderland, County Durham. 8-Christopher Binns4 was born on 17 Jan 1881 in Sunderland, County Durham and died in 1917 at age 36. 7-Margaret Ann Binns1,4,21 was born on 14 Jun 1841 in Sunderland, County Durham and died on 26 May 1909 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire at age 67. General Notes: Margaret A. Gilpin, 68 26 5mo. 1909 St. Albans. Wife of Edmund O. Gilpin. In the removal by death of Margaret Gilpin, the wife of Edmund O. Gilpin, of St. Albans, the Society of Friends has lost a beloved Minister, whose personal influence on all who came into contact with her was a wonderful expression of the triumph of the spirit over material limitations. The words of the old poet : "Man like to cassia is proved best being bruised." seem to find fit illustration in the fragrance of the life of one who through much suffering, still bore witness to the Divine love overshadowing and sustaining her. During the later years of her life, which were passed at St. Albans, after her removal with her husband from their previous home at Stoke Newington, she was prevented by ill-health from attending Friends' meetings regularly, although she would go at times, in spite of great physical weakness. But though thus debarred from the exercise of her gift as a Minister, her thoughts and prayers were ever active for others, to sustain and uplift those who were in danger or had fallen by the way, amid difficulties and temptations. Not the least of her influence was due to an unfailing fund of wise and kindly humour, which lightened and sweetened her counsel and advice. This and a rare tact, which was the outcome of sympathetic insight, gave her a power over people who were ordinarily little touched by the religious spirit. Thus day by day, in the ministry of common life, her gentle, loving, trusting spirit found its outlet in the service of her Master, passing on to others a message of faith, hope, and love. Nor was this message the less, when, as often, it was not given directly in words, but just passed from life to life. " Nothing has struck me more," wrote one who knew her well, " than the influence exercised by an old lady, weak and just sitting in a chair." Margaret married Edmund Octavius Gilpin,1,4,8,21 son of James Gilpin1,4,22,23,24 and Mary Sturge,1,23,24 on 25 Oct 1865. Edmund was born on 13 Nov 1831 in Dolphin Street, Bristol, Gloucestershire and died on 11 Jul 1909 in Ramsbury Road, St. Albans, Hertfordshire at age 77. They had four children: Maria Louise, Eva Margaret, Florence Binns, and Edmund Henry. General Notes: Moved over the years from Sheffield to Nottingham, to Croydon, to Jersey, to Stoke Newington and finally, St. Albans. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Tea Dealer in Sheffield, Yorkshire. • He worked as a Stockbroker in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire. 8-Maria Louise Gilpin1,4 was born on 21 Nov 1866 and died in 1930 at age 64. Noted events in her life were: • She was educated at The Mount School in Nov 1882-Oct 1883 in York, Yorkshire. Maria married Howard Brooks,1,4 son of Edmund Wright Brooks1,25,26,27 and Lucy Ann Marsh,26,27 on 1 Jan 1891 in FMH Stoke Newington. Howard was born on 8 May 1868 in Guildford, Surrey and died on 11 Jun 1948 in Holy Cross House, Bruford, Wincanton, Somerset at age 80. They had three children: Kenneth Howard, Erica May, and Monica Sturge. Noted events in his life were: • He worked as a Cement Manufacturer in Grays, Essex. 9-Kenneth Howard Brooks4,18,19,28 was born on 25 Sep 1891 in Grays, Essex and died on 30 May 1913 in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire at age 21. Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 5 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson General Notes: BROOKS.-On the 30th May, 1913, at Cambridge, Kenneth Howard Brooks (1906-7), aged 21 years. Noted events in his life were: • He was educated at Ackworth School in 1903-1906 in Pontefract, Yorkshire. • He was educated at Bootham School in 1906-1907 in York, Yorkshire. 9-Erica May Brooks was born on 9 Jun 1894 in Grays, Essex. 9-Monica Sturge Brooks1 was born in 1900 in Grays, Essex and died in 1981 at age 81. Noted events in her life were: • She worked as a Headmistress of The Hall School in Weybridge, Surrey. 8-Eva Margaret Gilpin1,4,29 was born on 25 Mar 1868 in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire and died on 23 Sep 1940 in The Rookery, Headington, Oxford, Oxfordshire at age 72. General Notes: Gilpin [married name Sadler], Eva Margaret (1868– 1940), headmistress and educationist, was born on 25 March 1868, at Nottingham, the second daughter of Edmund Octavius Gilpin, a stockbroker, and his wife, Margaret, née Binns. Her parents, who were Quakers, could claim some distinguished forebears: three clergy, two artists, an MP, a diplomat, and a headmaster of Cheam School. Eva's younger brother, Edmund Henry (Harry) Gilpin (1876– 1950), became director of a large engineering firm, was active in the Liberal Party, and was knighted. She was educated at Ackworth School, a Quaker boarding-school near Pontefract, Yorkshire; its curriculum concentrated on Bible study and the learning of texts, together with penmanship, plainness, clarity of speech and, above all, reverence for the truth. History was particularly well taught, while art consisted of mechanical or representational drawing, and craftsmanship. She left school about 1883, and became a pupil-teacher at a private school in Holland Park, London, run by the Misses Lecky, sisters of the historian William E. H. Lecky. In 1892 Gilpin went as governess to her Quaker cousins, William and Anna Harvey of Ilkley, Yorkshire, to take charge of the education of five of their seven children. Among the many guests were two cousins, Mary Harvey and her husband, the educationist Michael Ernest Sadler (1861– 1943), who brought their son Michael Thomas Harvey Sadler (later Sadleir) to live with the Harvey family and be placed under the care of Eva Gilpin during term time. The imaginative and articulate children in the Harvey nursery-cum-schoolroom were captivated by Gilpin's enthusiasm and inventiveness. In 1895 Gilpin moved with the Sadler family to Weybridge. She had for some time been 'cherishing a vague aspiration to start a children's school'. Having passed her London matriculation in mathematics and Latin in August 1897, she opened and began to run a small school, later to be known as the Hall School, initially in a single room in Weybridge village hall in 1898. Sadler expressed admiration of her work, encouraged his acquaintances to send their children to her school, made reference to it in public lectures, and quite possibly co-financed it with the Harvey family. Two successful years later Gilpin was able to move into her own home, Chesterton, in Prince's Road, Weybridge. Slowly the school expanded to encompass the entire building and the curriculum developed, with Latin and French added in the early 1900s. In 1906 Gilpin travelled to Rome with the Sadler family and in subsequent years she visited the Loire valley, Paris, and Germany. While on a trip to an educational conference in Leipzig she and a Slade-trained colleague saw examples of the use of linocuts in schools. On their return tools were made out of umbrella spokes, and thereafter books— which were to become such a feature of life at the school— contained linocuts, woodcuts, and later lithographic illustrations. By 1912 Gilpin had visited the experimental institute of Jacques Dalcroze in Hellerau, Germany, after receiving ecstatic accounts from M. T. H. Sadleir and her cousin John Wilfred Harvey (1889– 1967), who had coined the word 'eurhythmics' to translate the German 'rhythmische Gymnastik', which was Dalcroze's own name for his teaching. At the Hall School, Dalcroze's teachings, which were promoted by Michael Sadler, informed not only music but also drama by giving pupils a new medium of expression. In 1915 Gilpin produced 'The Village Hall, Weybridge', the first book made and bound by pupils with woodcut, stencil, etching, and hecto-ink copy illustrations. A school parliament, called the 'Court', was introduced, where children could raise issues of the day and debate topics of import relating to the running and future planning of the school. A student from later years, Primrose Boyd (Hubbard), described Gilpin as looking like Mrs Noah: The hair was brown, parted in the middle and drawn back into a small bun placed high at the back of her head. Her cheekbones were high, and she had a patch of red on each cheek. Her mouth was tight and small, her chin abrupt and firm, but her nose was not a Noah nose, it was long and enquiring. Her eyes were small and grey with hooded lids. Her figure was like Mrs Noah's, robust, buxom and well-corseted. As she walked she held herself very upright and her head was held high up from her neck. (Sharwood-Smith, 49) Gilpin's teaching methods were ahead of their time. Children were taught in mixed ability classes and parts of the curriculum were aimed 'at a living synthesis'. This form of 'integration' was partially achieved through subject specialists teaching unfamiliar subjects. Another novel form of learning was the expeditions— visits to places around London or Oxford, that informed the facts and figures learned in school. Skills were also taught, foremost the skills of communication. The co-operative rather than the competitive approach of the school facilitated communication, with groups working together on projects such as enacting scenes from history or collating cuttings about current affairs. Younger pupils attracted bonus points for their group if they became first-time speakers. Subjects such as French, Latin, and maths were taught in classrooms in a more formal manner. French language and culture, with history, were the intellectual passions of Gilpin's life. In addition to eurhythmic dancing, there were also art, nature study, and games. Visiting teachers included the artist John Nash, probably through the good offices of Michael Sadler, who collected pictures by both John and his brother Paul; some of Sadler's collection of paintings, by artists such as Paul Gauguin, adorned the walls of the Hall School. Gilpin's feelings about games can be summed up by a pupil's recalling her attempt to persuade the games mistress 'that cricket would be a much better and faster game if bowling took place indiscriminately from both ends' (Sharwood-Smith, 23). E. M. Forster, who lived in Weybridge, often attended the Hall School plays, which in the case of 'The Ballad of Sir Patrick Spens' (1920) he favourably reviewed for the Times Educational Supplement. In 1920 the school also took part in a rally of local schools celebrating the foundation of the League of Nations, with children dressed in the national costumes and holding flags of the various countries. The school was also, atypically for the period, open to children with physical or mental disabilities. Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 6 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson After attending a youth conference, in 1926, at the Château de Bierville in France, which had been turned into a peace centre by its owner Marc Sangnier, Eva Gilpin formed an idea for bringing English, French, and German children together to improve their love and respect of one another's language and as a means to foster understanding between the three most powerful nations of Europe. In her pioneering and typically meticulous manner she set about creating what became known as 'international gatherings'; the first was held in Bierville in 1927. There 150 children from the three nations met for seventeen days preparing in the mornings various entertainments to be performed in each other's mother tongue in the evenings, while the afternoons were devoted to sport or excursions. The helpers included John Harvey, who had by then become a professor of philosophy. Thereafter, 'gatherings' took place in locations in each country in turn, until 1937 when the aggressive militarism and anti-Jewish climate of Germany brought them to a close. In 1931 Mary Harvey, Michael Ernest Sadler's wife, died. In autumn 1934 Sadler proposed marriage to Eva Gilpin, and was accepted. They were married on 18 December 1934, the year she handed over the running of the Hall School to her niece, Monica Brooks. For five years Sadler and Gilpin entertained, sketched, and toured. After suffering peritonitis of the abdomen, followed by an operation, she died of heart failure at their home, The Rookery, Headington, Oxford, on 23 September 1940. She was buried at Rose Hill cemetery, Oxford. Although many of Eva Gilpin's former pupils have kept her name alive through reunions, continuing friendships, and publications, she remains a relatively unknown figure in the world of education. Her innovations at the Hall School, and her life and pioneering teaching methods, deserve to be re-assessed and celebrated by a wider audience. Child-centred teaching never goes out of fashion. As she recalled in her farewell speech at Weybridge in December 1934, 'education … is an art as well as a science and the supreme thing in it is, I feel, what I may call the kindling of the spark— the quickening touch which makes things live and glow' (Henderson, 27). Adrian Glew Sources J. Henderson and others, eds., A lasting spring: Miss Gilpin and the Hall School, Weybridge, 1898– 1934 (1988) · J. Sharwood-Smith, 'Miss Gilpin and the village hall', 1991, Tate collection · J. MacGibbon, I meant to marry him (1984) · The Friend (11 Oct 1940) · M. Sadleir, Michael Ernest Sadler … 1861– 1943: a memoir by his son (1949) Archives Bodl. Oxf., Sadler papers · priv. coll. · Tate collection, TGA 2000/1. 33; TGA 2001/1. 17 · Tate collection, Sadler papers, TGA 8221 | U. Leeds, Brotherton L., Sadler papers SOUND priv. coll. Likenesses M. Sadler?, photograph, 1938, repro. in Henderson and others, eds., Lasting spring, frontispiece Wealth at death £9613 18s. 6d.: probate, 1941, CGPLA Eng. & Wales © Oxford University Press 2004– 13 All rights reserved: see legal notice Adrian Glew, 'Gilpin , Eva Margaret (1868– 1940)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/71922, accessed 28 May 2013] Eva Margaret Gilpin (1868– 1940): doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71922 Noted events in her life were: • She worked as an Educationalist. • She was educated at Ackworth School. • She worked as a Governess to William and Anna Harvey in Ilkley, Bradford, Yorkshire. • She worked as a Headmistrees and founder of The Hall School in Weybridge, Surrey. Eva married Sir Michael Ernest Sadler,29 son of Dr. Michael Thomas Sadler and Annie Eliza Adams, in 1934. Michael was born on 3 Jul 1861 in Barnsley, Yorkshire and died on 14 Oct 1943 in Old Headington, Oxford, Oxfordshire at age 82. General Notes: Sadler, Sir Michael Ernest (1861– 1943), educationist, was born on 3 July 1861 at Barnsley, Yorkshire, the elder child of Michael Thomas Sadler, medical practitioner, and his wife, Annie Eliza Adams of Lincolnshire. His great-great-uncle was Michael Thomas Sadler, the Conservative factory reformer. He was educated first at the Winchester preparatory school and then at Rugby School, and was one of several Rugby old boys (R. H. Tawney, William Temple, and J. L. Stocks were others) who were to become important figures in the early twentieth-century educational landscape. The headmaster of Rugby School commented at the time that the school ran pretty well, so long as he took the advice that was proffered to him by Michael Sadler during his period as head boy of School House. Sadler's five years at Rugby did a great deal to mould his thinking. He commented, later in his life, that Rugby 'washed away from my mind, for a time, those old Winchester traditions'. He recalled the younger masters as being 'enthusiastically Liberal, not to say Radical politicians' (Higginson, 11). He remembered particularly warmly Arthur Sidgwick, Henry Lee Warner, and Canon James Wilson as teachers who were 'without knowing it … ardent propagandists of Liberal ideas' (ibid.). His schooldays left him also with a strong sense of the role of the Anglican church as 'a branch of the national machinery more sacred in its content … and more efficacious than the criminal law' (ibid.). A commitment to Liberal thinking and to the established church as one of the key organs of the state were to be the cornerstones of his thought and action in later life. University extension and secondary education From Rugby Sadler went to Trinity College, Oxford, in 1880 as a classical scholar and he took firsts in classical moderations (1882) and literae humaniores (1884). He attended the lectures of Arnold Toynbee, the historian, and John Ruskin. In June 1882 he was elected president of the union. As an undergraduate he became friendly with Austen Chamberlain and visited the Chamberlain family home at Highbury in Birmingham during vacations. He met Joseph Chamberlain, who liked him and offered him backing for a career in politics. But more significant to Sadler's future career was his growing friendship as a student with Arthur Acland, the Liberal MP. He joined Acland's 'inner ring' and through his friendship was drawn increasingly to 'the education question'. In April 1885, when Acland returned full time to a political life, Sadler was elected unanimously to succeed him as secretary of the extension lectures sub-committee of the Oxford local examinations delegacy, which in 1892 was redesignated the delegacy for the extension of teaching beyond the limits of the university. His marriage, on 14 July 1885, to Mary Ann (d. 1931), who was nine years his Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 7 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson senior, eldest daughter of Charles Harvey, a Barnsley linen manufacturer, influenced the direction of his career. He turned down the offer of an academic post in India and commented in his diary that 'the only alternative open to me is a schoolmastership, and my mind is set very strongly against that life' (Sadler, 61). He also refused the secretaryship of the Co-operative Wholesale Society since it would have meant leaving Oxford for London. It was during Sadler's ten years as secretary to the Oxford extension delegacy that much of the direction of his future career was laid out. He was quickly identified as an extremely efficient administrator and was responsible for the very swift expansion of extension lecturing from within Oxford University. He was personally responsible for the establishment of extension summer schools from 1893 onwards and he edited the University Extension Gazette. In this connection he forged friendships and working relationships with young Oxford tutors who were to become some of the leading figures in English education during the following thirty years. In 1886 he was also appointed steward of Christ Church and this appointment enabled him to supplement his income during the early years of his marriage. He was determined not to become dependent on his wife's income and it was this consideration that led him to turn his back on a life in politics with its constant risk of loss of office. His views on the reform of secondary education, the need for a complete restructuring of the central administration of education, and the need for governmental support for the universities were all refined in a lengthy and regular correspondence with Acland. In April 1891 Sadler visited America for the first time to lecture to the National Conference of University Extension, where he acknowledged the pressing need for the reform of secondary education in England. He met William Torrey Harris, whose reports for the United States bureau of education had proved influential, and became convinced of the need for a series of special reports to be available for educational policy makers and practitioners in Britain. This visit, together with his experience as administrator and tutor for Oxford University, forced him to the view, in the early 1890s, that without a more coherent system of secondary education it would be impossible to develop university adult education in a truly worthwhile form, and he believed that the necessary restructuring should be based on careful comparative research. During a hiking tour in the Appenzeller Alps Sadler and Acland, together with Tom Ellis, the leader of the Welsh Nationalists in the House of Commons, formed the idea of, first, a conference on secondary education, and, following from that, of a royal commission to re-examine the secondary education issue in detail. Sadler wrote personally to leading figures within the University of Oxford calling for a conference to bring together representatives of the public schools, the universities, the charity commissioners, the school boards, and teachers' unions. The outcome was the 1893 Oxford Conference on Secondary Education, which led to the appointment of the royal commission on secondary education, chaired by James Bryce. Sadler was invited to sit on the commission and he became one of its most energetic members, arranging for questionnaires on the organization of national systems of education to be sent out worldwide. This anticipated his own research a few years later. Some contemporaries thought him the principal author of the subsequent report. Board of Education special inquiries and reports It was in the spirit of these ideas of Sadler's that Acland, determined to leave an educational legacy after the likely fall of the Liberal government, planned the office of special inquiries and reports. Consequently, in 1895 Sadler was announced as director of this research bureau, which was to be located in Whitehall. One of Sadler's contacts through the Oxford extension network was Canon Barnett, principal of Toynbee Hall, and it was Barnett who recommended to Sadler Robert Morant as his assistant director at the office of special inquiries. For four years Sadler and Morant worked closely on the Special Reports on Educational Subjects, eleven volumes of which were published before Sadler left the office. These constituted a thoroughgoing attempt to provide the hard evidence that Sadler thought necessary to inform the development of educational policy, and these reports remain an important source for educational researchers. From the beginning the approach was comparative, with visits being made to other European countries, Germany in particular, to enable systematic comparative accounts of the educational provision across the continent. During Sadler's absences to gather research material Morant made himself politically useful to the new Conservative government and began to use the research bureau for the initial drafting of educational legislation. Although the two of them became involved in the drafting of the 1896 Education Bill, this development was resisted by Sadler, who, after Morant's departure in the autumn of 1899 to become personal private secretary to Gorst, sought to defend the ability of the office of special inquiries to carry out independent research with no imperative to become involved in day-by-day policy making. Sadler was sceptical of the direction of educational policy under the Conservative government and alarmed by Morant's willingness to become a pliant administrator of its policies. Once Morant became permanent secretary of the newly established Board of Education in November 1902, he turned against his old colleague. Sadler posed a threat to the development of the educational policy of the Conservative government through his ability to bring into question the wisdom of what was being done. Morant starved Sadler's department of funds, and this resulted in Sadler's placing an anonymous letter in The Times (22 January 1903) and finally resigning in April 1903. The controversial circumstances of his resignation led to the publication in May 1903 of Papers Relating to the Resignation of the Director of Special Inquiries and Reports, and these were presented to parliament as a 'whitewash' of the circumstances of Sadler's resignation. One letter (3 April 1903) from Sadler to Morant at this time crystallized his views on the significance of this incident. Sadler argued: the true function of the Office of Special Inquiries and Reports is not limited to the promotion of the purely administrative purposes of the Board … Its most important and responsible task is to undertake the dispassionate examination of educational problems and to lay before the country an impartial and accurate survey of the facts on both sides of great educational questions, in order that readers may draw their own conclusions and that there may thus be formed, in regard to national education, that sound and enlightened public opinion, on the existence of which, far more than on Departmental control, the prospects of wise educational development depend. (Sadler MS Eng. misc. C 552, fols. 57– 8) Manchester, Leeds, and return to Oxford Undaunted by this snub to his efforts to enshrine independent research at the heart of policy making in English education, Sadler accepted the post of professor of education at the University of Manchester. He refined his considerable public speaking technique, and his lectures on the history of education were invariably well attended and proved enormously popular with intending schoolteachers, stimulating his lifelong interest in educational history. At Manchester he proceeded to write a series of commissioned research reports for several of the new local education authorities, advising them on the best organization of secondary schooling in their respective areas. These reports emphasized two elements that were to become constant themes in his writing about education. On the one hand, he saw the need for some kind of balance between the power of central government and that of the local authorities in formulating educational policy, being suspicious of highly centralized systems but equally sceptical about the complete absence of governmental control. It was this constant tension between central and local that led Sadler to think in terms of what he called the 'two-mindedness' of England, and he returned to this theme frequently. Also prominent in his writing, and particularly emphasized in his reports, was his belief that secondary education needed to be organized into separate strands. In this respect Sadler is a very significant figure because he was, without it being realized at the time, reworking the tripartism that had surfaced in the 1868 Taunton report in a form that made it viable for the twentieth century. Without his advocacy, it appears unlikely that a system of grammar, technical, and secondary modern schools would have been adopted in the form it took in the years following the 1944 Education Act. Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 8 Produced by Legacy Descendants of Anthony Watson In 1911 Sadler was approached by the University of Leeds to become vice-chancellor, a post which he held for twelve years. He presided over a major expansion of the University of Leeds. Sadler Hall was named in his honour as a permanent testimony to his determination to expand on the Oxbridge model with sufficient halls of residence for students to become fully involved in the life of the university. During this period he wrote extensively about the comparison between English and German universities, reflecting the tensions between the two nations which were at their height during the First World War. Earlier in his career Sadler had commented that if the best sides of the English system of secondary education could be combined with the best sides of the German, the result would be the best system in the world. In this spirit he refused to become involved in crude propagandizing against Germany while the war was on. He also spent his time as vice-chancellor building a significant art collection, and it was during this period of his life that his reputation as an art collector developed. His actions as vice-chancellor involved him in two public controversies. For permitting student volunteers to take the places of strikers during the Leeds municipal workers strikes of 1913– 14 he was criticized by the local labour movement for compromising the university's independence. The unveiling, in 1923, of the war memorial at the university, which Sadler had commissioned Eric Gill to make, led to further public attacks, this time from business interests in the city offended by Gill's choice of design. Sadler's long-term friendship with Austen Chamberlain, who had become secretary of state for India, resulted in his invitation in 1917 to participate in the Calcutta University commission. He served as president of that commission, and was in India from October 1917 to April 1919. His influence is evident throughout the thirteen volumes of report which it generated. He took particular pleasure in the chapter on the student in Bengal, which he wrote. Although he had grave reservations about the wisdom of imposing the British system of universities on a society such as India, his report was a significant landmark in the maintenance of a European model of education in the Indian subcontinent. For his work on the commission he was created KCSI in 1919. In 1923 he was a member of a Colonial Office committee, chaired by William Ormsby-Gore, which advised on education in tropical Africa. Sadler was responsible for the recommendation that a central training college for east Africa should be established at Makerere. Sadler remained vice-chancellor of the University of Leeds until, in June 1923, he moved back to Oxford to take on the mastership of University College. As master he showed the same liberal traits as in the earlier posts he held. At the meeting held by the vice-chancellor during the general strike he voiced his college's view that there should be no official university contingent of volunteers, a view which prevailed. But for some fellows his liberalism and open-mindedness went too far; his invariable courtesy led him to be so eager at college meetings to ensure a full hearing for dissidents that proceedings were unduly prolonged. E. L. Woodward recalled that in university committees Sadler always preserved a certain rather disconcerting detachment, and 'would appear to change his mind suddenly and without regard to the immediate consequences or to his own reputation for consistency' (Oxford, summer 1944, 51– 3). In this final phase of his career he played a significant part in beautifying the college and its chapel, where he became a daily worshipper. He was an advocate of modern studies at Oxford and he also worked for the extension of the Bodleian Library (lobbying unsuccessfully for its relocation to a new site). He was also involved in the Oxford Preservation Trust and was awarded the freedom of the city of Oxford in 1931. He retired in 1934, hoping to complete a major history of English education, and also to continue his studies of and writing about the examinations system, an interest he shared with Sir Phillip Hartog. He also continued to be a patron of the arts, collecting and exhibiting the work both of old masters as well as of numerous modern artists. His first wife, with whom he had a son, Michael Thomas Harvey Sadleir, died in 1931 and on 18 December 1934 he married the headmistress and educationist Eva Margaret Gilpin, who predeceased him. Sadler died at Old Headington, Oxford, on 14 October 1943. Sadler's educational ideas Throughout Sadler's career there was a consistency in his thinking and writing about education. He remained committed to an essentially hierarchical view of secondary education but it was one which was well received in England. Arguing that different forms of knowledge were needed for differing callings in life, he advocated higher elementary, secondary, and higher secondary schools with contrasting curricula. These ideas were a well-developed part of his thinking by the time he was preparing reports on the needs of the new local education authorities in the early years of the century and were never greatly modified. In this respect he is of enormous historical importance as the figure who kept alive the ideas of the Taunton commission (which had advocated three distinct types of secondary school in 1868) and reworked them in a form acceptable to the twentieth century, although of course, for him, the selection of pupils and the reward of merit was a key element in this equation. Second, Sadler's brush with Morant confirmed his instinctive dislike of over-centralized and over-bureaucratized systems. He commented in 1916 that 'there is something impalpably foreign in some of the bureaucratic developments of the last three generations of English life' (Higginson, 1). For Sadler a balance between the powers of central and local government was vital and this view was expressed repeatedly later in his life. The phrase he used most frequently to encapsulate this was 'the two-mindedness of England'. His religious views meant that he saw education as intrinsically spiritual: he thought it a grave danger to see an education system as nothing more than a system of schools. R. H. Tawney perceptively described him as 'more of a thinker than an administrator and more of a missionary than either' (ibid.). Sadler remained committed to that ideal of educational research which saw it as essentially independent of the immediate needs of the bureaucratic machine but sensitive to changing economic and social circumstances. The question of which advice should influence educational policy reverberated throughout the twentieth century. Had Sadler's vision of an independent research bureau, so clearly articulated at the start of the century, been sustained in practice there might well have followed a more genuinely democratic debate on educational policy in twentieth-century Britain and the education system might not have lain so passive before a succession of educational ideologues. Sadler had an exhaustive knowledge of education, an unquenching energy, and he wrote and worked tirelessly for educational causes throughout his long career. He is perhaps best remembered as one of that group of Oxford reformers whose deep and abiding interest in the education question was sparked by their involvement in extension lecturing during the 1880s and who subsequently played a central role in the development and systematization of education in England. Through his determination to provide a comparative perspective Sadler stands out from this group. Sadly, this strain of educational research, of which he was one of the founding fathers, was not sustained as one of the major lines of enquiry for educational researchers in twentieth-century Britain, and there can be little doubt that British universities and schools have been impoverished by the fact that the insights which he brought to bear have not been sustained. Roy Lowe Sources Bodl. Oxf., MSS Sadler · extension delegacy papers, Oxf. UA · J. H. Higginson, Selections from Michael Sadler (1979) · L. Grier, Achievement in education: the work of Michael Ernest Sadler, 1885– 1935 (1952) · M. Sadleir, Michael Ernest Sadler … 1861– 1943: a memoir by his son (1949) · The Times (15 Oct 1943), 7 · O. S. Pickering, Sir Michael Sadler: a bibliography of his published works (1982) · R. Lowe, 'Personalities and policy: Sadler, Morant and the structure of education in England', In history and in education, ed. R. Aldrich (1996), 98– 115 · E. Ashby, Universities: British, Indian, African (1966) · P. H. J. H. Gosden and A. J. Taylor, eds., Studies in the history of a university, 1874– 1974: to commemorate the centenary of the University of Leeds Produced by: Charles E. G. Pease, Pennyghael, Isle of Mull, [email protected] : 5 Feb 2021 9 Produced by Legacy