THE DEEDS OF COUNT ROGER OF CALABRIA AND SICILY AND OF HIS BROTHER DUKE ROBERT GUISCARD THE DEEDS OF COUNT ROGER OF CALABRIA AND SICILY AND OF HIS BROTHER DUKE ROBERT GUISCARD BY GEOFFREY MALATERRA TRANSLATED BY KENNETH BAXTER WOLF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS ANN ARBOR Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2005 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America ® Printed on acid-free paper 2008 2007 2006 2005 4321 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher» A CIP catalog record for this hook is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Malaterra, Goffredo, fl* 1097* [De rebus gestis Rogerii, Calabriae et Siciliae comitis, et Roberti Guiscardi ducis, fratris ejus* English] The deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of his brother Duke Robert Guiscard / by Geoffrey Malaterra ; translated by Kenneth Baxter Wolf* p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-472-11459-X (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Ruggiero, I, conte di Sicilia, 1031-1101* 2* Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily, ca. 1015-1085* 3. Sicily (Italy)—History—1016-1194. 4. Normans— Italy—Sicily. I. Wolf, Kenneth Baxter, 1957- IL Title. DG867.24.M3513 2005 945 ’ .803—dc22 2004015060 Tomy brother, RICHARD BAXTER WOLF, the other historian in the family In 1989 I took a leave of absence from Pomona College and spent the next two years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. My original intention was to use this generous chunk of time to come to a broader under­ standing of Latin Christian views of Islam prior to the First Crusade. With this in mind, one of the very first sources that I consulted was Geoffrey Malaterra’s Deeds of Count Roger, the principal source for the Norman con­ quest of Muslim Sicily. As I read I became more and more intrigued by the historiographical issues raised by the work of Malaterra and the other two contemporary historians of the Norman conquests in southern Italy and Sicily, Amatus of Montecassino and William of Apulia. The end result of my investigation was a book titled Making History: The Normans and Their His­ torians in Eleventh'Century Italy, published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in 1995. While I was working on this book, I was also preparing a trans­ lation of the Deeds of Count Roger, with the intention of publishing it in the wake of Making History. But by the time I was putting the finishing touches on the monograph, I was already being pulled in a completely different direc­ tion by my long-standing interest in St. Francis of Assisi. As it turned out, the translation would gather dust until I was finished with The Poverty of Riches: St. Francis of Assisi Reconsidered (Oxford University Press, 2003). My decision to return to the Deeds of Count Roger and prepare it for pub­ lication reflects at a general level my commitment to the exclusive use of pri­ mary texts in my undergraduate history courses. More specifically, this par­ ticular source proved to be a goldmine of information pertaining to two of my favorite subfields within the realm of medieval European thought: histo­ riography and Christian views of Islam. Historiographically speaking, Geof­ frey Malaterra’s portrayal of the Norman accomplishments in southern Italy and Sicily is an intriguingly complex one, on the one hand praising Roger and Robert for their successes in the region and yet on the other offering a subtle critique of the “lust for domination” that led them there. Geoffrey’s VIII PREFACE equivocal interpretation of the Norman conquests seems to have reflected his ambivalent position as a monk in newly conquered Catania who, on the one hand, had been trained to recognize the ephemeral nature of human statecraft and, on the other, benefited directly from the patronage of a count whose campaigns had opened the door to the reestablishment of the Latin Christian church in Sicily. Beyond its contribution to our appreciation of medieval historiography, the Deeds of Count Roger also fills a gap in the available literature pertaining to the earliest phase of Latin European expansion at the expense of Islam. The principal accounts of the First Crusade—which culminated in the con­ quest of Jerusalem in 1099—have long since been available in English.1 And with the recent publication of Barton and Fletcher’s The World of the Cid,2 anglophonic students now have access to the principal accounts of the early Reconquista, which for all intents and purposes began with the Castilian absorption of Toledo in 1085. The Deeds of Count Roger, our main source for the Sicilian campaigns that ended in 1090, fits both chronologically and geographically right in the middle between these other two more famous examples of Latin Christian offensives against Islam. This translation of the Deeds of Count Roger is based on the critical edi­ tion of the Latin text prepared by Ernesto Pontieri for the venerable Rerum Italicarum Scriptores series.3 The section numbers and paragraph breaks reflect those found in this edition. I have used footnotes sparingly and most often to elucidate some aspect of the text rather than commenting on the accuracy of the account or referring the reader to pertinent secondary sources for follow up. I have translated the names of the people mentioned in the text into their English forms, unless there is no obvious English equiv­ alent. For place names, I have, with few exceptions, opted for the modem (typically Italian) versions, if it is clear what their modem analogues are. Otherwise I have left them in their original Latin form. The maps—which are based on the ones found in Donald Matthew’s The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (1992) and which have been borrowed and thoroughly adapted here i. Most important of these are the anonymous Gesta Francorum and the Historia Hierosolymi~ tana of Fulcher of Chartres. Rosalind Hill, ed., The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem (London: Thomas Nelson, 1962); and Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127, tr. Frances Rita Ryan, ed. Harold S. Fink (Knoxville: University of Ten­ nessee Press, 1969). 2. Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher, tr., The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). 3. Ernesto Pontieri, ed., De rebus gestis Rogerii Calahriae et Siciliae comitis et Roberti Guiscardi duds fratris eius auctore Gaufredo Malaterra monacho Benedictino, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 2nd ed., vol. 5, pt. i (Bologna: Nicola Zanichelli, 1925-28) (hereafter, Pontieri, De rebus gestis). Preface ix with the permission of Cambridge University Press—contain only those southern Italian and Sicilian place names that are actually mentioned in the account and that have identifiable modem analogues. The introductory essay that precedes the translation begins with a short overview of the complicated history of the Norman conquests in southern Italy and Sicily. The remainder of the essay contains my own insights about Geoffrey Malaterra as a historian, borrowed with some modification from the corresponding chapter in Making History. The comparisons between the Deeds of Count Roger and contemporary accounts of the First Crusade and the early Reconquista, I leave to my readers.