The Decline in the North African Church with reference to the state of the Church from 100 AD to 640 AD by Richard John Coombs A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER of THEOLOGY at the SOUTH AFRICAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY in January 2012 SUPERVISOR: Dr. RAYMOND MARTIN The opinions expressed in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of the South African Theological Seminary. DECLARATION I hereby acknowledge that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted to any academic institution for degree purposes. ___________________________ Richard John Coombs January 2012 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatest thanks is to my Lord Jesus Christ, who graciously called me to himself and gave me the privilege of entering ministry. He has given me the opportunity to study at South Africa Theological Seminary and, by his grace and mercy, I have been able to complete these studies. I am grateful to Dr. Raymond Martin, my supervisor, who guided and encouraged me with a warm heart during its progress. It was a privilege to meet and stay with him in his home in Allentown, Pennsylvania and be able to talk through various issues of this topic. My thanks are also due to all the staff of South Africa Theological Seminary for their kindness and encouragement. This thesis would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of the various members of the Australian Board of Middle East Christian Outreach (MECO) Australia. I wish to thank my family for their patience, prayers and love during my M. Th. studies. Finally, I would most especially like to thank my wife, Margaret, for bearing the brunt of my responsibilities with patience and understanding. She has shared my joys and difficulties during this period. I would like to share the happiness of completing this thesis with her. Richard John Coombs January 2012 3 SUMMARY or ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the reasons for the decline in the North African Church. It is generally considered that the spread of Islam brought about the destruction of the North African Church between the seventh and the eighth centuries. The Church began its history with encouraging growth and its message and witness spread through the Roman world. This culminated in Christianity being more readily accepted as ‘one of the many religions’ through the declaration of the Edict of Milan by Constantine in 313 AD. Difficulties also, soon arose, both externally and internally to the Church. The external pressures came through persecution (notably Decius in 250 AD and Diocletian in 303 AD). The internal pressures came about as different theologians and Churches argued over matters of polity and doctrine. Some of these tensions arose from such issues as Church governance, worship and the relation of the Church to State. This thesis seeks to analyse the various reasons for the decline of the Church in North Africa during the period 100 AD – 642 AD.  What social, political, cultural and religious reasons might have impacted on the decline of the Church?  What role did doctrinal ‘heresy’ play in this decline?  Was it because of the coming of Islam in the seventh century? My objective is to note that there were a variety of factors that influenced the decline of the Church during this period of time. I will have shown that the rise of Islam during this time had little or no influence upon the decline of the Church for this period. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: A Concise History of the Church in North Africa 1.1 The Commencement of the Church (c30 – 200 AD) 8 1.1.1 North African society 9 1.1.2 Beginnings of Christianity in North Africa 10 1.1.2.1 The first century theory 10 1.1.2.2 The second century theory 11 1.1.3 Status of the Church during the first two centuries 12 1.2 The Expansion and Persecution of the Church (200 – 313 AD) 14 1.2.1 The Expansion of the Church 14 1.2.2 The Persecutions of the Church 16 1.2.2.1 Earliest persecutions 16 1.2.2.2 The Decius persecution (250 AD) 25 1.2.2.3 The Diocletian persecution (303 AD) 30 1.3 The Church and the Christianised Roman Empire (313 - 430 AD) 34 1.3.1 Constantine’s conversion 37 1.3.2 Constantine’s tolerance 43 1.3.3 The status of the Church 44 1.4 Under the Vandals and the Recovery of Byzantine (430 - 642 AD) 46 1.4.1 The Church under the Vandals (430 – 533 AD) 46 1.4.2 The Church under the Byzantine Empire (533 – 642 AD) 49 1.4.2.1 The status of the Church 50 1.4.2.2 The social conditions 52 1.5 The Destruction of the Churches (642 - 709 AD) 53 1.6 Summary 53 5 CHAPTER 2: Distinctive Features of the North Africa Church 2.1 The relationship between the Church and North African Culture 55 2.2 The Church-State relations 58 2.3 The Ecclesiastical features 73 2.3.1 A hierarchical system of clergy 73 2.3.2 Paganism in the Church 76 2.4 Worship by the Church 80 2.5 The Theological features 82 2.5.1 The Novatian Schism 83 2.5.2 The Donatist Schism 88 2.6 Summary 94 CHAPTER 3: The Decline of the North African Church 3.1 The remote causes 95 3.2 The immediate causes 97 3.2.1 Paganised Christianity 111 3.2.2 Ecclesiastical corruption 116 3.3 The secularisation of the Church 116 3.3.1 Secularisation of Church leaders 118 3.3.2 Imperial Christianity 120 3.3.2.1 Failure to indigenise native Africans 121 3.3.2.2 Failure to evangelise native Africans 123 3.3.2.3 Failure to translate the Bible into native Berber 124 3.4 Fall of Rome and the conquest by the Vandals 127 3.5 Theological confusion 130 6 CHAPTER 4: Conclusion 4.1 Persecution 132 4.2 Leadership 132 CHAPTER 5: Implications and Lessons 5.1 Majority faith 134 5.2 Indigenisation 134 5.3 Language 135 5.4 Politicisation 135 5.5 Organisation 136 5.6 Orthodoxy 136 5.7 Islamic tax (jizya) 136 5.8 Summary 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY 140 7 Chapter 1 A Concise History of the Church in North Africa The aim of the present chapter is to give a concise history of the North African Church, paying particular attention to its beginning, expansion, and decline. To this end, the dissertation classifies the history into five periods:  the beginning of the Church (c30 AD - 200 AD);  the persecution and expansion of the Church (200 AD - 313 AD);  the Church and the Christianised Roman Empire (313 AD - 430 AD);  the Church under the Vandals and the Byzantine Empire (430 AD - 642 AD); and  and the decline before invasion by Islam (642 AD - 709 AD). 1.1 The Commencement of the Church (c30 AD - 200 AD) When Christianity first came to North Africa, and how the Church began there, is uncertain because of limited resources and information. Concerning the question of where the gospel arrived, some historians are agreed that the gospel may have 8 reached Carthage, both westwards from Egypt and southwards from Rome, and then spread rapidly in the second century along the coast of North Africa.1 Regarding the birth of the Church in North Africa, two main thoughts concerning the beginning of Christianity are generally accepted amongst scholars: the one is its arrival in the first century; the other is during the second century. The former depends on the Bible and old traditions, and is chiefly supported by missionary historians, while the latter relies on the Early Church Father's writings such as Tertullian's Apology, which is supported by most Church historians. 1.1.1 North African Society There were three main social groups in North Africa: the Berbers, descendants of the ancient Berbers, who were mainly farmers and labourers dwelling in the villages and desert; the Phoenician or Punic element, which made up the middle class; and the Romans, who formed the upper class, owning property and estates and who also managed the leading business enterprises. Accordingly, three popular languages were spoken at the time: Berber, Punic, and Latin.2 Prior to the Latin age, the educated classes and Church leaders spoke and wrote in Greek until the beginning of the third century. However, Greek does not seem to 1 See Stephen Neil, A History of Christian Mission (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1965), p. 37; J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982), p.10; John Foster, The First Advance (London: SPCK, 1991), pp. 37-41; Robin Daniel, This Holy Seed (Harpenden: Tamarisk, 1993), pp. 58-64; Phillip Schaff History of the Christian Church vol. I (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989), pp.26- 28; K. S. Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, vol. II (New York: Harper and Row, 1971), pp.97ff 2 Harry R. Boer, A Short History of the Early Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978), p. 84. 9 have been used generally in daily life in the way that Latin and Punic were. Later, Latin culture replaced native and Canaanite customs, and Latin was generally spoken in the Christian Church.3 Despite successive foreign dominations, however, the native Berbers do not seem to have been dominated by either Greek or Latin influences. The Berbers still remained as Imazighen, meaning 'free men,' and lived under the influence of their traditional religions like Saturn. 1.1.2 The beginning of Christianity in North Africa 1.1.2.1 The first century theory The possibility of the arrival of the gospel in the first century is accepted without question by many Church historians and missionary historians. Some historians base their theories upon the testimony of the Bible, specifically Acts: 2:9-114; 8:26-40; 11:20; 13:1-2; and 21:8.5 Relying on such biblical references, John Foster believes that African Christians had already had a key role in spreading the gospel in the first century.6 Herbert Kane, a missionary historian, also insists that the Church established itself in Cyrene. This is dependent upon the testimony of Luke concerning an African called Simon from Cyrene, who carried the cross of Jesus,7 3 J.W.C. Wand, A History of the Early Church (London: Methuen & Co., 1953), p.79. 4 Acts 2:10, ‘Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya near Cyrene; visitors from Rome; Cretans and Arabs - we hear them declaring the wonders of God in our own tongues’. (NIV) 5 See Robin Daniel, This Holy Seed, pp. 58-64; Phillip Schaff History of the Christian Church, vol. I, pp.26-28; K. S. Latourette vol. II, pp.97; Stephen Neil, A History of Christian Mission, p. 37; J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission, p.10; John Foster, The First Advance, pp. 37-41. 6 John Foster, The First Advance, pp. 37-41. 7 See Mark 15:21; Romans 16:13. 10