The Decline and Fall of Angkor in World History Mr. Luke Andrew Thorpe A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in Southeast Asian Studies (Interdisciplinary Program) Graduate School Chulalongkorn University Academic Year 2015 Copyright of Chulalongkorn University ความเสื่อมและการล่มสลายของอาณาจักรพระนครหลวงในหน้าประวัติศาสตร์โลก นายลุค แอนดรู โทรพี วิทยานิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตรปริญญาศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ศึกษา (สหสาขาวิชา) บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ปีการศึกษา 2558 ลิขสิทธิ์ของจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย Thesis Title The Decline and Fall of Angkor in World History By Mr. Luke Andrew Thorpe Field of Study Southeast Asian Studies Thesis Advisor Assistant Professor Theera Nuchpiam, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master's Degree Dean of the Graduate School (Associate Professor Sunait Chutintaranond, Ph.D.) THESIS COMMITTEE Chairman (Associate Professor Sunait Chutintaranond, Ph.D.) Thesis Advisor (Assistant Professor Theera Nuchpiam, Ph.D.) External Examiner (Dhiravat Na Pombejra, Ph.D.) iv ลุค แอนดรู โทรพี : ความเสื่อมและการล่มสลายของอาณาจักรพระนครหลวงในหน้า ประวัติศาสตร์โลก (The Decline and Fall of Angkor in World History) อ.ที่ T THAI ABSTRAC ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์หลัก: ธีระ นุชเปี่ยม, 79 หน้า. { นักวิชาการซึ่งเป็นผู้เชี่ยวชาญได้ศึกษาเรื่องความเสื่อมและการล่มสลายของอาณาจักร เมืองพระนครมาเป็นเวลา 100 ปีแล้ว ความส าคัญของเรื่องนี้ในประวัติศาสตร์กัมพูชาเป็นสิ่งที่ไม่ เคยปรากฏมาก่อน งานวิจัยเรื่องนี้จะสืบสาววิวัฒนาการด้านประวัติศาสตร์นิพนธ์ของช่วงสมัยนี้ ตามที่ได้ถูกผนวกเข้าไปในงานเขียนประวัติศาสตร์โลก ผู้วิจัยจะให้ภาพรวมของความคิด หลากหลายที่แสดงเหตุผลว่าเหตุใดอาณาจักรแห่งนี้จึงเสื่อมและล่มสลายลง จากนั้นงานวิจัยก็จะ แสดงให้เห็นว่าประวัติศาสตร์นิพนธ์เกี่ยวกับเรื่องนี้ได้วิวัฒนาการควบคู่ไปกับการเขียน ประวัตศิ าสตร์โลกอย่างไร งานวิจัยจะสรุปโดยการพิจารณาแนวคิดหลากหลายเกี่ยวกับลักษณะของ ความเสื่อมและการล่มสลายของอาณาจักรเมืองพระนคร และเสนอแนวทางใหม่ในการตีความ เหตุการณ์นี้โดยอาศัยข้อค้นพบใหม่ๆ ทางวิชาการ โดยเน้นเป็นพิเศษทั้งในส่วนที่เป็นการรื้อฟื้น กระบวนทัศน์ที่เคยยึดถือกัน และกรอบทางทฤษฎีอื่นๆ ที่จะเป็นประโยชน์ในแง่ของการศึกษา เปรียบเทียบ สาขาวิชา เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ศึกษา ลายมือชื่อนิสิต ปีการศึกษา 2558 ลายมือชื่อ อ.ที่ปรึกษาหลัก v # # 5687652520 : MAJOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES KEYWORDS: ANGKOR / CAMBODIA / SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY / T EWNGLISH ABSTRACORLD HISTORY LUKE ANDREW THORPE: The Decline and Fall of Angkor in World History. ADVISOR: ASST. PROF. THEERA NUCHPIAM, Ph.D., 79 pp. { Scholars have studied the decline and fall of the Angkorean kingdom for one hundred years. Its significance in the history of Cambodia is without precedent. This paper will trace the evolution of the historiography of this period as it has been incorporated into the writing of World History. The author will provide an overview of the various theses elucidating the reasons for the decline and fall of the kingdom. The paper will then demonstrate how this historiography has co-evolved with the writing of World History. The paper will conclude with a discussion of multitudinous conceptualizations of the nature of the decline and fall of the kingdom and offer several novel means of interpreting the event in light of both recent scholarly findings, with a particular emphasis on the revitalization of previously held paradigms, as well as additional useful comparative theoretical frameworks. Field of Study: Southeast Asian Studies Student's Signature Academic Year: 2015 Advisor's Signature vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, and foremost, I would like to thank my parents David and Dorothy Thorpe for their constant encouragement and financial support prior to and during the writing of my thesis. I would like to thank Professor Theera Nuchpiam for serving as the head of my thesis committee as well as his kindly patience in the perpetual delays in the completion of my work. I would also like to thank Professor Sunait Chutintaranond for his encouragement of my work during the entirety of the program at Chulalongkorn University. For her assistance on matters concerning the Cambodian language, I would like to extend thanks to Professor Klairung Amratisha. Many of the ideas that came to fruition in this thesis were first developed during the independent seminar I attended under the instruction of Professor Dhiravat Na Pombejra whose wise guidance helped in the completion of this work. I would also like to thank Professor Ricardo Duchesne for detailing the historiography of World History during our extensive correspondence. The staff and librarians at the following institutions were especially helpful in acquiring books and patiently assisting in my search for obscure material: the Central Library and Thailand Information Center at Chulalongkorn University, the Siam Society, the Cambodiana collection at the library of the Royal University of Phnom Penh and the Center for Khmer Studies in Siem Reap. Finally, to the people of Thailand and Cambodia, from all walks of life, whose warmth and gracious hospitality made the experience of writing this thesis eminently enjoyable. CONTENTS Page THAI ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv ENGLISH ABSTRACT................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... vi CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. vii Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Note on the sources for Late Angkor ......................................................................... 3 The Historiography of the Decline and Fall of Angkor ................................................. 4 The Pre-Colonial Period ............................................................................................ 4 Of Lost Races, Giants and Leper Kings .............................................................. 5 Early Speculations ............................................................................................... 6 The Rise and Fall of Greater India............................................................................. 9 Thai Historiography ................................................................................................. 11 The “Gibbonian Trifecta”: Early Western Syntheses ............................................. 14 The Revisionism of Michael Vickery ...................................................................... 17 Environmental Collapse ........................................................................................... 19 Southeast Asian Historiography .............................................................................. 25 Angkor in World History ............................................................................................. 29 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 29 The Fall of Angkor in World History: Textbooks, Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries ........................................................................................................ 32 A Note on the Historiography of World History ..................................................... 38 Angkor in World History ......................................................................................... 39 Angkor in the World .................................................................................................... 48 On Collapse…or Regeneration ................................................................................ 48 A “Late Antiquity” in Southeast Asia ..................................................................... 55 On Comparisons ...................................................................................................... 59 Khom or Kaundinya in Angkor ............................................................................... 63 Concluding Thoughts on the Fall of Angkor in World History ................................... 67 viii Page REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 69 VITA ............................................................................................................................ 79 Introduction The decline and fall of Angkor is the most significant event in the history of Cambodia. Its occurrence formed four nations. The historical ramifications affected tens of millions of people who inhabit the former kingdom. The mystery which surrounds its demise continues to plague scholars. Was it a collapse precipitated by environmental changes both local and global? Was it a usurpation by an energized, ethnically homogenous conquest elite? Was it an exhaustion brought about by civilizational decadence? Was there a popular rebellion spurred by a radically egalitarian theology? Was it an economically rational abandonment in response to shifting international patterns of trade? Or was there no decline at all but, rather, a shift in power among competing elites who shared a similar set of beliefs who dispersed into competing polities that continued their contestation in newly-founded cities to their own advantage? This thesis proposes to investigate the nature of the decline and fall of Angkor both as a unique historical conundrum itself as well as how this event has been written of by scholars who have ventured to write World History. This paper has three substantial sections. The first is an 2 outline of the century-long inquiry into the attempt to understand the seemingly intractable question of how such a socially and politically complex polity that characterized Angkor at its height could cease to exist as an important settlement of economic, military and political power. The second section will seek into the complicated topic of how the decline and fall of Angkor has been assimilated into the writing of World History. This section will cover both those historians who have attempted to write World History independently as well as those who have written textbooks, encyclopaedias and dictionaries covering the topic of World History. The third, and concluding, section will assess the decline and fall of the Angkorean kingdom in a theoretical manner. It will determine the nature of this historical period by drawing upon disparate analytical models from a variety of disciplines. The author will assess whether the abandonment of Angkor was a collapse or a continuation of successive historical factors in Cambodian history. We will attempt to compare the nature of Angkor‟s fall to a variety of similar polities. The question will be raised if there are useful models from other historical periods that would be advantageous in the conceptualization of the fall of Angkor. Finally, we will attempt to utilize contemporary scholarly data in the rejuvenation of formerly discarded historiographical