The Current Role of Geological Mapping in Geosciences NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) III.Computer and Systems Science IOS Press IV.Earth and Environmental Sciences Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes”and “Advanced Research Workshops”, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-organized by scientists from , NATO countries and scientists from NATOs Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organized to the four sub-series noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springeronline.com http://www.iospress.nl Series IV:Earth and Environmental Sciences – Vol.56 The Current Role of Geological Mapping in Geosciences edited by Stanis-law R.Ostaficzuk Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Poland Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Innovative Applications of GIS in Geological Cartography Kazimierz Dolny, Poland 24 – 26 November 2003 A C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-3550-0 (PB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3550-0 (PB) ISBN-10 1-4020-3549-7 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3549-4 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-3551-9 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3551-7 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O.Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springeronline.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Printed in the Netherlands. From the Editor: The unavoidable innovation of Geological Cartography - The goals, concepts, and problems of modern geological mapping Geological Cartography is the most important tool for exploration and presentation of geological knowledge. Geological maps with their related databases are getting more comprehensive, complex and sophisticated with the help of electronic information technologies. In follows of the current trends, the environmental issues are getting more and more important in understanding of the interaction between the Man and the Nature, and that is the key to securing global sustainability for the next generations. A group of concerned geologists gathered together at the Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on Innovative Geological Cartography in the Kazimierz Dolny, Poland in November 2003. It was an opportunity for direct exchanging of opinions on the future and role of geology in the modern society, presentation of current works, ideas and achievements in adapting modern cartographic technologies into geology for better servicing the needs of Man. The ad hoc collected and immediately published in the bimonthly Technika Poszukiwa(cid:276) were extended abstracts, picture presentations and some elaborative papers comprising almost complete selection of the ARW topics, i.e.: 1 - The problem of standards in modern geological cartography; 2 - The new technologies and methodologies, and results of their application; 3 - The decline of geology due to inadequate dealing with challenges of contemporary world. The whole issue was supplemented with The Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations of the ARW, edited with great effort by the Recommendations Committee editors, and dedicated as the important document with the logo of NATO for Science to all, who are concerned (attached in-extenso next to this Introduction). The current book is composed with most of the re-edited ARW papers, reviewed by Dr Earl Brabb*), and supplemented with new contributions by, both, former participants of the ARW and other authors, who present their views and/or excerpts of their geological mapping achievements with the aid of electronic technologies. For that reason, a new title was given: “The Current Role of Geological Mapping in Geosciences”. The whole presented material naturally falls into two groups of different topics. At the front are grouped papers dedicated to the problems of standardization in geological mapping, the decline of basic “conservative” geology, and the concepts of restoring the position of geosciences in modern economies. The following group of papers reports and presents advanced geological mapping activities in various countries. While having on mind the recent- most decisions undertaken by International Stratigraphic Committee, the Editor has decided not to remove from the book so well known words we are still accustomed to - the Tertiary and Quaternary. They were not deleted due to sympathy to authors, however, it must be clearly stated here, that their use was quite informal. The would-be Readers of this book are kindly advised to pay special attention to vigorous polemics with some Authors initiated by Earl Brabb in his v vi reviews. Besides, as from his regular paper-contribution appears clearly, that "nihi novum sub Sole". In the USA, in Europe alike, geological bureaucrats had and still have much impact on the fate of geology in the current world. They undoubtedly have contributed to the widening gap between the current information technologies (IT), and the geological mapping, which should be the main user of IT. The last paper, by David Soller & Thomas Berg, was added to the ARW materials with the hope to having the creative pain of geoscientists eased in their attempts for making various databases reliable and accessible. What is especially interesting is the unbelievable great number of institutions and organizations dealing with geological mapping in the USA. And, the USA is still waiting for having her country completely covered with detail geological map. Another truth appeared from the presented collection of papers. Different scientific background and cultural environments may cause difficulties in professional communication. All contributors represent high professional skill, and high position within the Geoscience. All are active practitioners, supervise or make geological maps personally, but a merit of their contribution to the book was to some extent lost in the translation, what made the Reviewer confused. The Editor would like to take this opportunity for expressing his gratitude to the NATO Science Committee, without of which support neither the ARW on modern geological mapping could be held in Poland, nor its results could be published. Another words of gratitude are thus directed to the Kluwer Academic Publishers (now Springer), fortheir help in final shaping and issuing this book. Specially, editor is indebted to dr Alison Lusty, who has English-adjusted, re-formatted and corrected most of the texts in this book, battling with strange idioms, professional jargon and unifying variety of international English languages. And the last message to the readers - the Kluwer Academic Publishers kindly agreed to supplement this book with a true folded sheet of innovative map belonging to the paper by Bertolini et al. and for those who may meet difficulties in understanding grey pictures the Publisher added a CD with text full colour pictures. Stanis-law Ostaficzuk Division of Structural Analyses and Geological Cartography, Minerals and Energy Economy Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences ==================_________________________________________ *)Dr. Earl Brabb is a scientific pioneer in the development of Geographic Information Systems for the preparation of geological hazard maps. His maps of San Mateo County near San Francisco, California have been used to greatly restrict development in hazardous areas, reducing the potential number of houses from 500,000 to only 2,500. His analyses of economic costs associated with landslides in the United States, his encouragement of geologists who have produced similar information for other countries, and his reports on innovative techniques for making landslide maps have given him widespread recognition in the international community. He is the only American geologist to receive the prestigious Sergey Soloviev Medal from the European Geophysical Society, and a Distinguished Service Citation and Medal from the Italian National Research Council. He is co-editor of a book on the geographic and economic extent of landslides in the world and the author of a chapter on the extent of the landslide problem in the United States. His career was recognized at a Special Symposium of the Association of Engineering Geologists in San Jose, California, in September 2000. Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations Kazimierz Dolny, Nov. 26, 2003 PREAMBLE In November 2003, 29 geological mapping experts from four continents (see the attached list) met for three days in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland at the NATO ARW I.G.C. Workshop. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss innovative techniques for geological cartography and to make recommendations pertinent to constructing modern geological maps and information systems, maintaining key databases, and delivering relevant geological information to the widest possible range of users. Five recommendations to NATO and governments are made to better ensure that society is provided with the geological information it requires and that nations have appropriate funding and support needed to make crucial water and resource decisions, ensure adequate environmental protection, and deal with earth hazards, such as earthquakes and landslides. 1) Products to Serve the Widest Possible Range of Users Products of geological research and surveying need to be designed to provide services to meet the needs of not only earth scientists but also other potential users, in fields such as the environment, sustainable development, resources, education, public health and national security. While conventional geological maps will remain an important geological product, there is an increasing need for user-defined, web- accessible geoscience information services. Recommendation: Digital geological information systems that conform to international standards should be developed to deliver both standard and customized products and services. vii viii 2) Need for Standards Digital geological datasets must be compatible with each other and also with other national and international map data to facilitate continuity and consistency across boundaries and to facilitate sharing and preservation of information. Recommendation A: Geological agencies must define, agree, and adopt common standards. The International Union of Geological Sciences, Commission on the Management and Application of Geoscience Information (CGI) – http://www.bgs.ac.uk/cgi_web was endorsed by participants as an appropriate mechanism to encourage development of appropriate standards. Recommendation B: Geological information delivery requires that high quality topographic and other base-map information be freely available to users. 3) Technology and Expertise Transfer Different institutions and countries are at different stages in the progression from previous geologic mapping methods to new digital mapping and associated data management, analysis, and delivery systems. Recommendation: There is an urgent need to accelerate transfer of technology and expertise among nations through workshops, staff exchanges, and inter-agency sharing of resources. 4) Geology for Public Health, Safety, and National Security Geological knowledge provides key information to support analysis and mitigation of natural hazards such as landslides, earthquakes, and groundwater contamination. It also provides information about resources that are strategically important to all nations. Recommendation:Geological information must be delivered with appropriate quality and accuracy statements. Information providers should work to establish and promulgate appropriate mechanisms for delivery of information that conveys the degree of confidence placed on the data provided. ix 5) Geological Information at Risk Government geological survey agencies must establish a balance between new data acquisition and management of the existing information resource. It is a fact that large quantities of invaluable geological data representing billions of dollars of past investment are not being managed adequately or according to modern standards. Recommendation:Measures must be taken to reduce the risk of valuable and unique information from becoming inaccessible or lost. (Prof. Stanis-law Ostaficzuk) for: The Editorial Committee for: the Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations, the NATO Advanced Research Workshop onInnovative Geological Mapping /-/ Richard Berg, USA, /-/ John Broome, Canada, /-/ Jean-Paul Cadet,France, /-/ Ian Jackson, UK, /-/ Peter T. Lyttle U.S.A. /-/ Stanis(cid:225)aw Ostaficzuk, Poland, /-/ Werner Stackebrandt, Germany, /-/ Harvey Thorleifson, USA and Canada ./. Enclosure to The Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations