CrusadesAlmanac 9/29/04 3:41 PM Page 1 The Crusades Almanac CrusadesAlmanac 9/29/04 3:41 PM Page 3 The Crusades Almanac Written by Michael J.O’Neal Edited by Marcia Merryman Means and Neil Schlager Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page iv The Crusades: Almanac Written by Michael J. O’Neal Edited by Marcia Merryman Means and Neil Schlager Project Editor Imaging and Multimedia Composition Julie L. Carnagie Lezlie Light, Mike Logusz, Kelly A. Quin Evi Seoud Permissions Product Design Manufacturing Lori Hines, Susan J. Rudolph, Pamela Galbreath, Jennifer Wahi Rita Wimberley William A. Sampson ©2005 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint of cluding photocopying, recording, tap- Cover photographs reproduced by per- Thomson Gale, a division of Thomson ing, Web distribution, or information mission: Saint Louis Leading Army, pho- Learning, Inc. storage retrieval systems—without the tograph. Bettmann/Corbis. written permission of the publisher. 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Errors brought to the atten- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 tion of the publisher and verified to the No part of this work covered by the Permissions Hotline: satisfaction of the publisher will be cor- copyright hereon may be reproduced or 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 rected in future editions. used in any form or by any means— Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 graphic, electronic, or mechanical, in- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA O’Neal, Michael J., 1949- The Crusades: Almanac / written by Michael J. O’Neal ; edited by Marcia Merryman Means and Neil Schlager. p. cm. – (The Crusades reference library) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-9176-3 (alk. paper) 1. Crusades–Juvenile literature. I. Means, Marcia Merryman. II. Schlager, Neil, 1966- III. Title. IV. Series. D157.O34 2004 909.07–dc22 2004018003 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page v Contents Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Timeline of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Chapter 1: Geographical Worlds at the Time of the Crusades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2: The Holy City of Jerusalem. . . . . . . . . . 20 Chapter 3: Pilgrimages to the Holy Land and Communities in the Holy Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Chapter 4: Origins of the Crusades . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chapter 5: Division of Shiite and Sunni Muslims. . . . . 69 Chapter 6: History of the Crusades . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Chapter 7: Muslim Response to the Crusades and the Cairo/Baghdad Caliphate Split . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Chapter 8: Jewish People Caught in the Crusades. . . . 125 v Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page vi Chapter 9: Knights and the Traditions of Chivalry . . . 134 Chapter 10: War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Chapter 11: Literature and Song of the Crusades. . . . 168 Chapter 12: End of the Crusades: Mongols, Mamluks, and Muslims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Chapter 13: Consequences and Associations of the Crusades . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 vi The Crusades: Almanac Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page vii Reader’s Guide The term “crusade” is commonly used today to refer to a dedicated, enthusiastic effort. It usually means a total, all- out attempt to correct a problem, such as combating drunk dri- ving or saving an endangered species from extinction. When people use the word “crusade,” though, they may not recog- nize its distinctly religious meaning and history, even though they might embark on their crusade with religious enthusiasm. The “Crusades” (with a capital “C”) were a series of military campaigns launched by the Christian countries of western Europe in the late eleventh century. During these bat- tles tens of thousands of people went to war in the Middle East. Their goal was to recapture the Holy Land, or Palestine, from the Muslims and restore it to Christian control. The focus of the Crusaders was the holy city of Jerusalem, now part of the Jewish nation of Israel on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and still a holy site to three religions: Ju- daism, Islam, and Christianity. But the impact of the Crusades was felt throughout that region of the world and in Europe. The First Crusade was launched in late 1095 and ended with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099. The last vii Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page viii Crusade took place in the late 1200s. Historians identify seven separate Crusades, although there were two other high- ly irregular Crusades that are not generally numbered. The exact number is not important, for the Crusades were a single extended conflict that was fought over the course of two cen- turies. As the military and diplomatic situation in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas changed, successive waves of Euro- pean troops flowed into the region to capture a key city or to expel an opposing army that had recaptured the same city. Each of these waves represented one of the Crusades. After each Crusade, particularly the early ones, some of the Euro- pean invaders remained in the Middle East to rule over Chris- tian kingdoms they had established. Many others returned to their homelands. During the periods between each Crusade, there was relative peace between the warring parties, al- though tensions simmered beneath the surface. The Muslim world was slow to respond to the Cru- saders. For many decades Muslims were too busy fighting among themselves for power and influence in the Middle East and lands beyond to recognize the threat that the Crusaders posed. Only after they mounted organized resistance were they able to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East. Hun- dreds of years later, many Muslims continue to regard west- erners as “crusaders” bent on occupying their holy territory. Historians continue to debate whether, from a Euro- pean Christian perspective, the Crusades were a success. While the first ended successfully with the capture of Jerusalem, some of the later Crusades were military and polit- ical disasters, at least from the point of view of the Europeans. All historians agree, though, that the Crusades would have a profound effect on the development of European civilization. They opened trade routes and promoted commerce, they led to never-before-seen exploration and cultural contact, and they provided inspiration for poets and novelists. They also laid the groundwork for conflict and religious strife that con- tinues in the twenty-first century. Features and Format The Crusades: Almanaccovers the Crusades in thirteen thematic chapters, each examining an element of the two- hundred-year time period. The volume takes the reader viii The Crusades: Almanac Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page ix through many aspects of this lengthy conflict. Included are chapters on the origins, history, and aftermath of the Cru- sades and on the holy city of Jerusalem and the land of Pales- tine as the focal site of three faiths. There are also profiles of the various groups of Muslims and Christians involved in the fight and descriptions of knights and the conduct of warfare. More than fifty black-and-white images illustrate the text. Numerous sidebars highlight interesting people and fascinat- ing facts connected with the Crusades. The volume includes a glossary, a timeline, words to know, research and activity ideas, sources for further reading, and a subject index. The Crusades Reference Library The Crusades: Almanac is only one component of a three-part U•X•L Crusades Reference Library. The set also in- cludes one volume of biographies and another of primary source documents: • The Crusades: Biographiespresents the biographies of twen- ty-five men and women who lived at the time of the Cru- sades and experienced the battles or the effects of these wars. Profiled are famous figures, such as Richard the Li- onheart, king of England; the Muslim warrior Saladin, and Saint Francis of Assisi, as well as lesser-known people, among them, the sultana of Egypt Shajarat al-Durr and the Arab soldier and writer Usamah ibn Munqidh. • The Crusades: Primary Sourcesoffers twenty-four full or ex- cerpted documents, speeches, and literary works from the Crusades era. Included are “political” statements, such as Pope Urban II’s speech calling for the First Crusade. There are also accounts of battles and sieges as well as other events, such as the slaughter of Jews in Europe by Cru- saders on their way to the Holy Land. Included are sam- plings from literature, among them, excerpts from the epic poem The Song of Rolandand a chapter of the Koran. The Arabic view of the times are featured in such writings as a Muslim historian’s view of the Mongol invasions. The Byzantine perspective is seen, for example, in por- tions of The Alexiad,a biography of the emperor Alexius I Comnenus by his daughter. • A cumulative index of all three titles in The Crusades Ref- erence Library is also available. Reader’s Guide ix Crusades Almanac FM 10/8/04 6:33 PM Page x Acknowledgments Several people deserve our gratitude for their assis- tance with this project. We are indebted to everyone at U•X•L and Thomson Gale who assisted with the production, particularly Julie Carnagie, who provided help at all stages; we also thank Carol Nagel for her support. Marcia Merryman Means Neil Schlager About the Author Michael J. O’Neal received a B.A. and a Ph.D. in English and Linguistics from Bowling Green State University in Ohio. After teaching at the college level for a decade, he became a freelance writer and book editor. This is his seventh book for younger readers. He lives in Idaho, where he enjoys horseback riding in the company of his wife and their two dogs. About the Editors Marcia Merryman Means and Neil Schlager are man- aging editor and president, respectively, of Schlager Group Inc., an editorial services company with offices in Florida and Vermont. Schlager Group publications have won numerous honors, including four RUSA awards from the American Li- brary Association, two Reference Books Bulletin/Booklist Edi- tors’ Choice awards, two New York Public Library Outstand- ing Reference awards, and two CHOICEawards. Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on The Crusades: Al- manacand suggestions for other topics in history to consider. Please write to Editors, The Crusades: Almanac,U•X•L, 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-3535; call toll-free 800-877-4253; send faxes to 248-699-8097; or send e- mail via http://www.galegroup.com. x The Crusades: Almanac